<p>The Titanic Memorial is a granite statue in the Southwest Waterfront neighborhood of Washington, D.C., that honors the men who gave their lives so that women and children might be saved during the sinking of the Titanic. Ten days after the sinking on April 25, 1912, a group of women formed a committee to raise money for a memorial to honor the sacrifice, with a limit of $1 per person. After sending thousands of cards to other women throughout the USA, the funds the committee had raised alongside funding from the federal government was enough to complete the project. A competition was announced for a memorial design and several were submitted. The winning design by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, who later opened the Whitney Museum of American Art, became her first major commission.</p><br>
<p>After planning and seeking approval from different agencies, the memorial was installed in 1930 and dedicated in May 1931. Among those at the dedication were President Herbert Hoover, First Lady Lou Henry Hoover, former First Lady Helen Herron Taft, and other government officials. Before the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts was built, the memorial was removed and placed in storage for two years. It was reinstalled at its current location at Southwest Waterfront Park. It is sited near 4th and P Street SW near Fort Lesley J. McNair and across the Washington Channel from East Potomac Park.</p><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the memorial depicts a partly clad male figure with arms outstretched standing on a square base. The base is flanked by a square exedra, created by architect Henry Bacon, which encloses a small, raised platform. The memorial was added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites and the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. The statue is one of a small number of prominent outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C. designed by women.</p><br>
<h2>Memorial</h2><br>
<h3>Planning</h3><br>
<p>On April 15, 1912, the Titanic sank in the Atlantic Ocean after hitting an iceberg. Among the 2,223 people on board the ship, 706 survived. Around 70 percent of those who died were men, who were told the life rafts were for women and children. Ten days after the sinking on April 25, 1912, an association of prominent women created the Committee of One Hundred to erect a memorial to honor the men who gave up their spot on a lifeboat. The committee&#39;s members first included USA congresswoman Florence Prag Kahn, philanthropist Laura Spelman Rockefeller, wife of the 26th USA vice president, Cornelia Cole Fairbanks, wife of senator Oscar W. Underwood, Bertha Woodward, wife of the FDA commissioner Harvey Washington Wiley, Anna Kelton, and the wife of jurist Theodore Marburg.</p><br>
<p>The women began a fundraising campaign for a memorial they pictured to include a large arch in a prominent place. The first woman to donate $1, the limit for each person, was First Lady Helen Taft. Thousands of letters were sent to women across the country who were involved with various groups and societies, asking for donations to help erect the memorial. The committee has raised $43,000 by January 1914, and the remaining costs to erect the memorial was paid for by the USA government.</p><br>
<p>There was a competition to design the memorial where eight sculptors submitted entries. The winner of the competition, Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, was selected in 1914 to design the memorial. Her design dropped the plans for an arch in favor of a 15 foot (4.6 m) tall statue of a nude man with his arms outstretched. Changes were made to the statues final design so the mans genitals were not visible. The Titanic design became her first large commission and one of her most notable. The architect for the memorial was Henry Bacon, who previously designed the Lincoln Memorial, and the fabricator was R. B. Phelps Stone Company. The statue, which Whitney described as having "a expression of sublime sacrifice", was completed in 1916. The statue and pedestal were carved from a 20-ton slab of granite. The erection of the memorial in Washington, D.C. was approved by Congress on March 3, 1917, and completed in 1918, but it would be years before the memorial was dedicated. Delays, including improvements to the site near the Potomac River and approval from various parties, were needed before a ceremony could take place. The United States Commission of Fine Arts approved plans for the site in 1919, but it took another six years before other agencies approved the final design and site. The statue was displayed in a New York City art gallery for more than ten years before it was finally installed in 1930. The memorial&#39;s dedication took place the following year in 1931, the same year Whitney opened their Whitney Museum in New York City.</p><br>
<h3>Dedication</h3><br>
<p>The dedication of the memorial took place on May 26, 1931. He noted the heroism shown by many during the sinking of the Titanic and feared a future decline of such traits.</p><br>
<p>His speech was followed by the wife of Senator James W. Wadsworth Jr. officially handing over ownership of the memorial to the United States. Bishop James E. Freeman led the invocation and Taft, who was the first donator to the memorial, then unveiled the statue. As it was unveiled, the United States Marine Band played the national anthem and a sailor hoisted a flag above the statue. The crowd then sang My Country, &#39;Tis of Thee and a wreath was placed at the memorial by the wife of United States Department of State clerk, Robert S. Chew.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>During the 1936 Northeastern United States flood, the memorial was damaged when the Potomac River overflowed. In 1966, the memorial was moved from its original location near the intersection of New Hampshire Avenue and Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway due to the construction of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. The memorial sat in a warehouse in Fort Washington, Maryland, for the next two years until a new site was found. It was moved to its current location in 1968 without another dedication ceremony. R. B. Phelps Stone Company served as the fabricator for the new site.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1978, a group of men mostly involved in local news operations began meeting at the memorial on each anniversary of the sinking. The group, known as the Mens Titanic Society, now annually holds a black-tie event to remember the mens sacrifice during the sinking. The memorial was added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on February 22, 2007, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 12, 2007. It is one of five prominent outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C. made by women, and is a rare religious-themed work representing a non-religious subject. It is also one of four outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C. that are a form of representational art.</p><br>
<h2>Location and design</h2><br>
<p>The Titanic Memorial is located on Reservation 717 in the Southwest Waterfront Park, a public park near the intersection of 4th and P Streets SW, in the Southwest Waterfront neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The memorial is near Fort Lesley J. McNair, which is southeast of the park, across the Washington Channel from East Potomac Park, and is three blocks southwest from Waterfront station on the Washington Metro. The large Wharf mixed-use development lies just north of the park.</p><br>
<p>The sculpture, base, and platform are all pink granite while the foundation is concrete. There are three granite steps leading to the platform. The statue, which depicts a nude man draped with a robe, represents "Self Sacrifice". His arms are outstretched in the shape of a cross and his eyes are closed. He is standing on an uneven block above a relief of waves on the pedestal. It is possible the statue is the inspiration for Kate Winslets character in Titanic, when she says "Im flying, Jack!", but director James Cameron has never confirmed this. The statue is 12-feet (3.7 m) tall, 8-feet (2.4 m) wide, and 2-feet (0.6 m) long. It rests on a base which measures 5.5-feet (1.7 m) tall, and 4-feet (1.2 m) wide and long. The platform is 50-feet (15.2 m) long with a diameter of 13-feet (4 m). It includes an exedra, decorated on each end with a dolphin that features a bench.</p><br>
<h3>Inscriptions</h3><br>
<p>The following inscriptions are on the memorial:</p><br>
<p>Front:</p><br>
<p>TO THE BRAVE MEN WHO PERISHED IN THE</p><br>
<p>TITANIC</p><br>
<p>APRIL 15 1912</p><br>
<p>THEY GAVE THEIR</p><br>
<p>LIVES THAT WOMEN</p><br>
<p>AND CHILDREN</p><br>
<p>MIGHT BE SAVED</p><br>
<p>ERECTED BY THE</p><br>
<p>WOMEN OF AMERICA</p><br>
<p>Side:</p><br>
<p>GERTRUDE VANDERBILT WHITNEY 1931</p><br>
<p>Back:</p><br>
<p>TO THE YOUNG AND THE OLD</p><br>
<p>THE RICH AND THE POOR</p><br>
<p>THE IGNORANT AND THE LEARNED</p><br>
<p>WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES NOBLY</p><br>
<p>TO SAVE WOMEN AND CHILDREN</p><br>
<p>The Tyler Block was a three-story building in Louisville, Kentucky best known for its landmark 200 ft Renaissance Revival limestone facade. It was located on the north side of Jefferson Street between Third and Fourth streets. Built in 1874, it was designed by Henry Wolters and named after owner Levi Tyler. It was razed 100 years later in 1974 to make way for what is now the Kentucky International Convention Center. Many campaigned to have the Tyler Block&#39;s facade incorporated into the center, but the new building was instead built in the then fashionable brutalist architecture style.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Bryan Hall is a historic building in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is in the northeastern section of the University of Florida in Gainesville. On June 27, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. Bryan Hall is part of the Warrington College of Business. The building also was home to the College of Law from 1914 to 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Bryan Hall is named for Nathan Philemon Bryan, an attorney, USA Senator, and judge who successfully fought for the establishment of a law school at the University of Florida while serving as chairman of the State Board of Control.</p><br>
<p>Buckman Hall is a historic building located in Murphree Area on the University of Florida campus in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It was designed by architect William A. Edwards in the Collegiate Gothic style and opened in 1906 as one of the two original buildings on the University of Florida&#39;s Gainesville campus along with nearby Thomas Hall. It once was a multi-purpose facility but has been used exclusively as a student dormitory since the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>Buckman Hall was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on January 11, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background / Multipurpose building</h3><br>
<p>In June 1905, the Florida legislature passed the Buckman Act, which reorganized the states university system and established a new University of Florida in Gainesville. Construction at the site began in late 1905 with a planned opening for the 1906-1907 academic year. The first two buildings completed were Buckman Hall, which was named for Buckman Act author Henry Holland Buckman, and Thomas Hall, which was named for Gainesville mayor William Reuben Thomas. When the first students arrived in September 1906, Buckman and Thomas Halls were home to all functions of the school, including classrooms, dormitories, and administrative offices. Buckman Hall housed the universitys first cafeteria, gymnasium, and infirmary. Andrew Sledd, UF&#39;s first president, also lived there for a time.</p><br>
<h3>Dormitory</h3><br>
<p>The university&#39;s campus grew along with its enrollment in the early 20th century, and newer buildings gradually took over many of the former functions of Buckman Hall. It has been used exclusively as a dormitory since the University of Florida became co-educational following World War II.</p><br>
<p>Buckman Hall functioned as a student cooperative dormitory from 1974 until 2003. In exchange for lower rental rates, students performed most day-to-day maintenance such as general housekeeping and minor repairs. Residents also elected student officers who had the authority to make decisions concerning many aspects of residence hall life in addition to the duties of resident assistants living in conventional on-campus housing. The cooperative program lost popularity with students over the years, and Buckman Hall became a regular dorm for the spring 2003 semester.</p><br>
<h4>Air conditioning</h4><br>
<p>Buckman Hall and Thomas Hall were the first two buildings to open on the UF campus, and they remain the last without central air conditioning. Due to Buckman Hall&#39;s old wiring, even portable air conditioning units were not allowed for many years, and students often cooled their rooms by running a box fan in an open window.</p><br>
<p>As part of an extensive renovation project during the 2006-2007 academic year, Buckman Hall&#39;s electrical infrastructure was completely replaced to better handle loads from computers and other modern electronics. These improvements also made it possible for residents to utilize portable air conditioning units beginning with the fall 2007 semester. Ductless air conditioning units were installed in every room in 2013, eliminating the need for students to purchase their own.</p><br>
<p>The Center for Brooklyn History  is a museum, library, and educational center founded in 1863 that preserves and encourages the study of Brooklyns 400-year history. The centers Romanesque Revival building, located at Pierrepont and Clinton Streets in Brooklyn Heights, was designed by George B. Post and built in 1878–1881 by David H. King Jr., is a National Historic Landmark and part of New York City&#39;s Brooklyn Heights Historic District. The CBH houses materials relating to the history of Brooklyn and its people, and hosts exhibitions which draw over 9,000 members a year. In addition to general programming, the CBH serves over 70,000 public school students and teachers annually by providing exhibit tours, educational programs and curricula, and making its professional staff available for instruction and consultation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Center for Brooklyn History was founded in 1863 by Henry Pierrepont (1808–1888) as the Long Island Historical Society, with a charter from the New England Historical Society in Boston. In 1985, the society changed its name to the Brooklyn Historical Society (BHS).</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the BHS was among 406 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a $20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation, which was made possible through a donation by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg.</p><br>
<p>In December 2007, BHS opened the first gallery in the United States devoted to oral history. The first exhibition installed in the gallery was an installation of oral histories, photographs, documents, and artifacts called "In Our Own Words: Portraits of Brooklyn&#39;s Vietnam Veterans".</p><br>
<p>In 2010 while cataloging the map collection, BHS staff discovered a previously uncatalogued, and rare copy of a c. 1770 map by Bernard Ratzer that has been restored and is now accessible to the public.</p><br>
<p>As part of the construction of Empire Stores at Brooklyn Bridge Park, BHS was selected to operate a 3,200 ft2 museum to celebrate Brooklyn&#39;s industrial history. The BHS Dumbo exhibition space, as it was called, opened in May 2017.</p><br>
<p>In 2020, the BHS made an agreement to merge with the Brooklyn Public Library. As of October 2020, the organization is now part of Brooklyn Public Library and is known as the Center for Brooklyn History.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The centers headquarters building, on the corner of Pierrepoint and Clinton Streets, was built in 1878–81 and was designed by George B. Post in the Renaissance revival style. Post was selected as a result of a competition between 14 architects. The buildings design utilizes terra cotta ornamentation made by the Perth Amboy Terra Cotta Company, including busts of Michelangelo, Beethoven, Gutenberg, Shakespeare, Columbus, Benjamin Franklin, a Viking and a Native American.</p><br>
<p>The building has been described as "one of the City&#39;s great architectural treasures", In October 1999, BHS began a full-scale restoration of the building, supervised by architect Jan Hird Pokorny, and reopened in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Programs</h2><br>
<p>Principal activities of the CBH include education programs, which are organized around a central educational concept of encouraging students to understand that history is connected to their lives. CBH programs link the study of American history to events and sites in the students’ own communities by introducing the investigation of primary source documents and neighborhood histories. CBH&#39;s education programs largely focus on the ability of students to “read” primary source documents, including works of art, maps, photographs, and other artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Each year exhibitions are presented by the CBH, ranging from retrospectives and historical surveys to more focused presentations that explore specific themes and topics. Installations from the collection have included a gallery of family portraits and another of landscape paintings. These installations rotate over time, providing visitors with greater access to CBH&#39;s fine arts collections.</p><br>
<h2>Collection</h2><br>
<p>The Othmer Library has a collection that includes historic maps and atlases of Brooklyn and New York City, individual family histories in the genealogy collection, a microfilm collection of Brooklyn and Long Island newspapers from the 19th and early 20th century, a collection of microfiche pamphlets on slavery and abolition, the papers of abolitionist clergyman Henry Ward Beecher, the Pierrepont Papers, the Brooklyn Firefighting Collection, and the Brooklyn Council of Churches.</p><br>
<p>The Center for Brooklyn History possesses a collection of historical maps spanning the years ca. 1562–2011. The geographic coverage of the collection includes the five boroughs of New York City, Long Island, New York State, New Jersey, New England, the Mid-Atlantic, and the Eastern United States.</p><br>
<p>The Oral History Collections contain interviews with over 300 narrators. A 2013 Oral History Project is called Crossing Borders, Bridging Generations. It is a public programming series and oral history project about mixed-heritage families, with historical perspective.</p><br>
<p>Keene-Flint Hall  is a historic site in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is located in the northeastern section of the University of Florida. On June 27, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. Keene-Flint Hall houses the University of Florida&#39;s History Department.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Keene-Flint Hall is named for Dr. Edward R. Flint, the University of Florida&#39;s professor of chemistry from 1905 to 1919, and Kenneth Keene.</p><br>
<p>Griffin–Floyd Hall  is a historic academic building located on the northeastern portion of the University of Florida campus in Gainesville, Florida. On June 27, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It currently houses the Department of Philosophy and Department of Statistics.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Griffin–Floyd Hall is named for Major Wilbur Leonidas Floyd, one of three graduate students to receive the first master&#39;s degrees ever awarded by the University of Florida, and assistant dean of the College of Agriculture from 1915 to 1938, and for Ben Hill Griffin, Jr., an alumnus of the college and a successful agricultural businessman.</p><br>
<h2>Early use</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1912, the building was originally used in part to house animal husbandry faculty. Located near the university&#39;s dairy, the first floor once held a cattle judging arena. The second floor housed a chapel for daily religious exercise.</p><br>
<p>Newell Hall is a historic site in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is located in the northeastern section of the University of Florida. On June 27, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. Formerly home to the Department of Soil and Water Science, the building is currently used as a 24/7 study space for university students to collaborate.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Newell Hall is named for Wilmon Newell, the Provost of Agriculture at the University of Florida from 1921 until his death in October 1943.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>On April 17, 2017, a newly renovated and expanded Newell Hall opened on campus. The $16.6 million project added expansive indoor seating, an Au Bon Pain restaurant, as well as numerous modern study spaces and meeting rooms. Outdoor hammocks were installed and new landscaping was added.</p><br>
<p>Peabody Hall is a historic site in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is located in the northeastern section of the University of Florida. On June 27, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It currently houses the Dean of Students Office and the Counseling Center at the university.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Peabody Hall is named after George Peabody, an influential investment banker and known to some as the founder of modern philanthropy.</p><br>
<p>Rolfs Hall  is an historic building on the campus of the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is located in the northeastern section of the campus. It was designed in the Collegiate Gothic style by William Augustus Edwards and completed by Rudolph Weaver, who succeeded him as architect for the Florida Board of Control.</p><br>
<p>On September 11, 1986, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. Rolfs Hall is named for Peter Henry Rolfs, who was dean of the College of Agriculture from 1915 to 1920.</p><br>
<p>Kathryn Chicone Ustler Hall  is a historic building on the campus of the University of Florida  in Gainesville, Florida. It was designed by William Augustus Edwards in the Collegiate Gothic style and opened in 1919 as the University Gymnasium. In that capacity, the building was the first home of the Florida Gators mens basketball team, and it continued to serve as the home court for most of the universitys indoor sports programs until the Florida Gymnasium opened in the late 1940s. The university became co-educational at about the same time, and the building was rechristened the Womens Gymnasium and was repurposed as a recreation center for the school&#39;s many new female students. On June 27, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The opening of OConnell Center in 1980 and new student recreation facilities made the old gym obsolete, and it gradually fell into disuse. The building was slated for demolition in the 1980s but was saved for its historic value, though it was used primarily as a storage facility for several years. A large donation by UF alumnus Kathryn Ulster made it possible to completely transform the interior into modern classrooms, offices, and other educational spaces, and the universitys Womens Studies Department moved into the newly renamed Ustler Hall in 2006. It was the first building on the UF campus named to honor a woman, and at its rededication, it was the only freestanding campus building in the United States devoted solely to Womens Studies.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Planning and construction</h3><br>
<p>The University of Florida (UF) was established in Gainesville in 1906. Initial student enrollment was about 100, so only two buildings (Buckman Hall and Thomas Hall) were needed to accommodate all functions of the new school. Enrollment grew slowly over following years and accelerated under second university president Albert A. Murphree, who oversaw an expansion program that saw the addition of several colleges to the university&#39;s academic offerings and several more buildings constructed across the campus. By the end of World War I, enrollment reached 1000.</p><br>
<p>Buckman Hall included some indoor athletic space, but a larger student population required larger recreational facilities, and the university made plans to build its first dedicated gymnasium on the west side of campus. The facility was designed by William Augustus Edwards, architect for the Florida Board of Control, who designed most of the UFs early buildings in the Collegiate Gothic style. Construction began in the summer of 1918, but the project went over budget, and Murphree solicited donations from the local community to complete interior details. Fundraising successfully completed when Major League Baseballs New York Giants agreed to hold spring training in Gainesville in 1919 and rented the newly-opened University Gymnasium as their spring headquarters.</p><br>
<h3>University Gymnasium</h3><br>
<p>The University Gym was designed to be a combination student recreation center, physical education facility, assembly hall, and sports venue. It was the home court of the Florida Gators men&#39;s basketball team and all other university-sponsored indoor sport programs for about ten years. However, spectator space around the court was very limited in the narrow building, and as university enrollment continued to increase, a larger wooden "New Gym" was constructed directly adjacent to the University Gym in 1929 to serve as a temporary home for the basketball team until funding was available for a more permanent replacement. Meanwhile, the University Gym continued to host physical education classes, intramural sports, and smaller assemblies.</p><br>
<h3>Women&#39;s Gymnasium</h3><br>
<p>The large brick Florida Gymnasium was finally completed in 1948, the same year that the university became fully co-educational. The University Gym was renamed the Womens Gymnasium and was used as a recreational center and physical education space for the schools many new female students while the wooden "New Gym" next door was converted into rehearsal space for the university&#39;s marching band.</p><br>
<p>The modern OConnell Center became the new home of all of the universitys indoor sports teams in 1980. The interior of the Florida Gym was redesigned and rebuilt as the new home of the physical education department, but the Women&#39;s Gym was deemed to be in need of too many repairs to justify renovation and it was slated for demolition. A community push to save the structure delayed its destruction, and in 1988, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, affording it protection. However, it remained underutilized and was used primarily as a storage facility for over a decade.</p><br>
<h3>Ustler Hall</h3><br>
<p>With a donation from UF alumna Kathryn Chicone Ustler in 2000, the long-vacant gym was transformed into a 14,700 ft&sup2; three story academic building with modern classrooms along with faculty and administrative offices. A circular courtyard was also added in front of the building, replacing a small parking area. The restoration process began in 2004 and was completed in July 2006. In 2008, the restoration was named a "Project of Regional Impact" by the Florida Heritage Foundation. Now known as Ustler Hall, the building houses the universitys Department of Gender, Sexuality, and Womens Studies and the Center for Womens and Gender Studies Research. It was the first building on the UF campus renamed to honor a woman, and at the time of its dedication, it was the only freestanding campus building in the United States devoted solely to Womens Studies.</p><br>
<p>Smathers Library  is a historic library in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is located in the northeastern section of the University of Florida in the middle of the Campus Historic District. When it was first created it was the largest building on campus at that time. It is a part of the George A. Smathers Libraries system and home to multiple collections of books and other library materials.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This facility was designed by the architect William A. Edwards and was first opened in October 1926. A major addition was designed by Florida Board of Control Architect Guy Fulton following World War II. On June 27, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. In 1991 after a generous donation by the former United States Senator George Smathers the facility was officially renamed the Smathers Library.</p><br>
<h2>Map & Imagery Library</h2><br>
<p>The Map & Imagery Library makes up a portion of the ground floor of the Smathers Library. It consists of several different collections which, combined, contain roughly 500,000 maps, 300,000 aerial photographs and satellite images, 8,000 atlases and reference books and an increasing number of geospatial datasets. It is one of largest academic map libraries in the United States. It specializes in content concerning Florida, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa and is open to the public every weekday.</p><br>
<h2>Special Collections Grand Reading Room</h2><br>
<p>The second floor of Smathers Library is home to the Special Collections Grand Reading Room. This space provides the primary source of access to many of the George A. Smathers Libraries Special Collections materials. As many of the materials within these collections are not available to be checked out or loaned, any person interested in viewing them must do so in the Grand Reading Room, under the supervision of library staff. Collections which can be accessed through the Grand Reading Room include, but are not limited to, the University Archives, the Architecture Archives, the P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History, the Baldwin Library of Historical Childrens Literature, the Manuscript Collection, the Popular Culture Collections and the Rare Books Collections.</p><br>
<h2>Judaica Suite</h2><br>
<p>In January 2014, the Judaica Suite was opened as an annexing group of reading rooms accessed through the Special Collections Grand Reading Room. The alcoves of the Suite hold books from the university&#39;s Isser and Rae Price Library of Judaica, including many rare copies. Within the Suite, specific books are grouped together in different alcoves to represent various periods in the history of Jewish literature and culture. The Judaica Suite was designed by world-renowned architect and artist, and University of Florida alumnus, Kenneth Treister.</p><br>
<h2>Latin American and Caribbean Collection</h2><br>
<p>The Latin American and Caribbean Collection makes up the third floor of Smathers Library. This collection was founded in 1951, prompted by growing scholarly interest in Latin America and the Caribbean, and has since grown into one of the University of Florida&#39;s premier collections. The collection is housed in a newly renovated space and now consists of approximately 500,000 books, 50,000 microforms, thousands of journal titles and a considerable number of digital resources. About 70% of these resources are in Spanish, French, and Portuguese. of the remaining collection is in English, however, there are also materials in Haitian Creole, Dutch, and indigenous languages. Though the collection covers Caribbean and Latin American areas but focuses on the Caribbean and Brazil. Primary sources from the Caribbean are also available, ranging from agriculture to revolution. The library also has its own stacks, reading rooms, and reference services making it one of the few libraries left in the US to do so. The collection is open to the public and is usually open six days of the week.</p><br>
<p>Norman Hall  is a historic academic building on the eastern campus of the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida. It was designed by architect Rudolph Weaver in the Collegiate Gothic style, and built in 1932. It originally housed the universitys research and development primary and secondary schools, but now is the principal building of the universitys College of Education. It is located on USA 441, near the southwest corner of S.W. 3rd Avenue and S.W. 12th Street in Gainesville. On January 26, 1990, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Norman Hall is named for James W. Norman, former dean of the College of Education. The P.K. Yonge Laboratory School was named for P.K. Yonge, a prominent businessman who was a member of the Florida Board of Control during the formative years of the University of Florida and the state university system.</p><br>
<p>The Old WRUF Radio Station  was a historic site in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It was located on the University of Florida campus . On September 21, 1989, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The building was demolished in 2021 to make way for a larger, more modern UF Public Safety Building. In lieu of demolition, an option to move the Old WRUF Radio Station a few hundred feet away was considered, but the cost to perform the move was estimated to be about $300,000. Construction on the UF Public Safety Building began in April 2021.</p><br>
<p>Mary Todd Lincoln House in Lexington, Kentucky, USA, was the girlhood home of Mary Todd, the future first lady and wife of the 16th President, Abraham Lincoln. Today the fourteen-room house is a museum containing period furniture, portraits, and artifacts from the Todd and Lincoln families. The museum introduces visitors to the complex life of Mary Todd Lincoln, from her refined upbringing in a wealthy, slave-holding family to her reclusive years as a mourning widow.</p><br>
<p>The house was built c. 1803–1806 as an inn and tavern, which was called "The Sign of the Green Tree" before its purchase by Mary&#39;s father, Robert Smith Todd, for the Todd family. The family moved into the three-story home in 1832. Mary Todd lived in this home until 1839, when she moved to Springfield, Illinois. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln visited her family here.</p><br>
<h2>Historic status</h2><br>
<p>The Mary Todd Lincoln house has the distinction of being the first historic site restored in honor of a First Lady. Operated by the Kentucky Mansions Preservation Foundation, Inc., the house museum was opened to the public on June 9, 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>In the mid-1970s, Beula C. Nunn, wife of Governor Louie B. Nunn, along with the Kentucky Mansions Preservation Foundation, Inc., and the Metropolitan Women&#39;s Club of Lexington, gained support to preserve and restore the Mary Todd Lincoln House. In June 1996, the Beula C. Nunn Garden at the Mary Todd Lincoln House was dedicated and opened to the public. Today the enclosed gardens contain trees, plants, herbs and shrubs that represent what may have been in the gardens at the Todd home in the early nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The property is open to the public as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Unusual history</h2><br>
<p>Belle Brezing was a working girl in a bawdy house, run by Jenny Hill, located in this building starting in 1879. Later she became a madam in her own right, with her own brothel. Brezing is widely credited as having inspired Margaret Mitchell&#39;s character of Belle Watling in her novel, Gone With The Wind (1936).</p><br>
<p>The Armstrong House  is a historic house located at 18050 US Highway 301 North in Citra, Florida. It is locally significant as an example of statewide and national trends in Frame Vernacular architecture at the time of its construction.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1901 in the Frame Vernacular style of architecture. Resting on a brick pier foundation, the asymmetrical shaped balloon frame-house exhibits common clapboard siding, and has four high-pitched gable roof elevations clad with metal pierced by four corbelled brick chimneys. It also features a porch and a bay window facing the street.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on June 9, 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas R. Ayer House  is a historic house located in Oklawaha, Florida. It is architecturally significant as the best example of the Queen Anne style in rural Marion County. It is also significant in that it is associated with Thomas Ayer, a citrus pioneer of Marion County.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The exterior finish of the house is horizontal, wooden weatherboard. The building has a variety of roof forms, most of which are gabled, with various degrees of pitch. Other types of roofs and roof features include a gable dormer, a flat roof, pent roof, and shed roofs. Both primary and secondary roof surfaces are covered by galvanized sheet metal in a V-crimp pattern. The roof is pierced by two brick, corbelled chimneys on the north and west sides of the building, and an exterior brick chimney is located on the east side of the rear addition.</p><br>
<p>At the time the house was built, the surrounding land was mostly orange groves and was sparsely populated. Although the property is named for Thomas Ayer, property records indicate the original owners of the house were actually L. J. and Lucy Parr, who bought the land from General Robert Bullock in 1885. By 1887, they had given the property and newly constructed house to Ayer.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 1993.</p><br>
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<p>The James W. Townsend House  is a historic home in Orange Springs, Florida. It is located at Main and Spring Streets on the previously owned property of John William Pearson. On October 17, 1988, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The John W. Townsend House (Orange Springs Inn) in the town of Orange Springs, Florida is significant under criterion B for its association with James Walter Townsend (1864-1944), who was instrumental in developing the turpentine industry in Central Florida during the latter part of the nineteenth century and further contributed to the commercial and economic life of the region</p><br>
<p>through his activities in banking, ranching, and farming. Also, the wood-frame vernacular house is locally significant under criterion C for its size and distinctive adaptation of vernacular plan types, it is also associated with a natural mineral spring that was an important tourist attraction in pre-Civil War Florida. Furthermore, the house is constructed entirely of locally milled lumber.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Zion A.M.E. Church is a historic church in Ocala, Florida, United States. It is located at 623 South Magnolia Avenue. The only surviving brick 19th-century religious structure in Ocala, the present Gothic Revival church stands behind the site of the original white frame building. Construction of the first brick church owned by a black congregation began in 1891 under the supervision of black architect and builder Levi Alexander, Sr.</p><br>
<p>On December 17, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Old State Capitol in Kentucky, also known as Old Statehouse, was the third capitol of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The building is located in the Kentucky capital city of Frankfort and served as home of the Kentucky General Assembly from 1830 to 1910. The current Kentucky State Capitol was built in 1910. The Old State Capitol has served as a museum and the home of the Kentucky Historical Society since 1920. It has been restored to its American Civil War era appearance and was designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its exceptional Greek Revival architecture, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Kentucky legislature voted for its construction in 1827. The building was designed in the Greek Revival style by Gideon Shryock, an early Lexington, Kentucky architect. The Old State Capitol was his first building and he was only twenty-five years old. Shryock chose the Greek Revival style to symbolically link Kentucky, a young republic, with ancient Greece, the prototype of popular democratic government. He wanted the front of the building to duplicate the Temple of Minerva Polias at Priene. Greek temples had no windows, therefore the front of the capitol is devoid of fenestration. Other architectural features include a self-supporting stone stairway and a domed lantern above it to bring in sunlight.</p><br>
<p>A bitterly contested 1899 state governor election came to a climax when Democratic claimant William Goebel of Covington, Kentucky was assassinated at the capitol on his way to be inaugurated. A plaque reading "William Goebel fell here, Jan. 30th, 1900" exists near the front entrance of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Grove, known officially as the Call/Collins House at The Grove, is an antebellum plantation house located in Tallahassee, Leon County, Florida. Territorial Governor Richard Keith Call constructed The Grove circa 1840. By 1851, Call deeded the property to his daughter, Ellen Call Long, who owned it until 1903. Long&#39;s granddaughter, Reinette Long Hunt, acquired the property and owned it until her death in 1940. Hunt opened The Grove Hotel during this era and developed onsite cottages that served as rental properties. After a brief period under the ownership of John W. Ford and Josephine Agler, future Florida governor LeRoy Collins and his wife, Mary Call Darby Collins, a great-granddaughter of Richard Keith Call, bought The Grove.</p><br>
<p>Mary Call Darby Collins was the last of Calls descendants to own The Grove. During LeRoy Collins tenure as governor, The Grove served as the unofficial executive residence while the current Florida Governor&#39;s Mansion was under construction, from 1955 to 1957. The Collins family owned The Grove until 1985, when the state of Florida acquired the property for the purpose of creating a state historic house museum. The Collins family received life leases and lived there until their deaths. Following the death of Mrs. Collins in 2009, the property formally reverted to the state. The property includes a small active family cemetery that predates the current Grove residence and serves as the final resting place for several generations of the Call and Collins families.</p><br>
<p>It is now a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Family</h2><br>
<h3>Richard Keith Call</h3><br>
<p>The 10-acre parcel on which The Grove is situated was once part of a much larger tract purchased by Richard Keith Call in 1825. Call came to Tallahassee after his single term as territorial delegate to the United States House of Representatives. He was a member of future president Andrew Jacksons inner circle and used his connections to secure a position with the federal land office in Tallahassee. The first residence on the property, described as "a plain building of several rooms on one floor, with outside chimneys and porches," was built around the time Call acquired the property in 1825. According to oral tradition, Mary Kirkman Call, Richard Keith Calls wife, was responsible for the naming of The Grove. In an early letter written by Mrs. Call to Jackson&#39;s wife, Rachel, the letter is datelined from "Hickory Grove."</p><br>
<p>In 1836, President Andrew Jackson appointed Richard Keith Call as Territorial Governor of Florida. The overriding concern of the territory at this time was the Second Seminole War, in which Call played a central role. As Brigadier General of the Florida Militia prior to his governorship, Call led the state militia into the ill-fated Battle of Withlacoochee, which took place on December 31, 1835. Upon his return to Tallahassee, Call sought to regroup his forces and was prepared to set sail with them for Tampa Bay when the death of his wife forced him to remain behind and attend to family matters, including handling the arrangements for his newborn daughter, Mary Call Brevard. It was during this time that he received his appointment to the governorship, and immediately immersed himself into the administration of the territory. The Grove likely served as an important planning center during the war, as Call, who advocated for a more aggressive military strategy, often sent the Florida militia off to conduct their own campaigns. The Grove also served as the headquarters for a contingent of the US 6th Infantry during the war.</p><br>
<p>The exact date of The Groves construction is not known. The earliest known reference to the homes construction comes from Thomas Hagner, who wrote in November 1838: "I was at Governor Call&#39;s yesterday, he has not returned. Col. Green of the infantry makes his house headquarters, and Mr. Walker, a fine gentleman of the bar – a relative of the governor, also lives there. The house is about ½ mile from Tallahassee. The Governor is building a very fine brick house there just in front of his present residence, which they say will be the finest house in the Territory." The Grove was finished by the end of 1839. The "Col. Green" referenced in this letter was likely Lt. Col. John Green, an officer in the 6th US Infantry who later died in 1840, and was originally buried in the Call Family Cemetery before being reinterred at St. Augustine National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Built during the Second Seminole War, security concerns were a major aspect of The Grove&#39;s construction. The thick exterior and interior walls and the columns are all made from brick, likely manufactured onsite, giving the building a fortress-like appearance. Having access to clean water was also important during this time, and at least one cistern, recently restored, was built for this purpose. The construction of The Grove also coincided with the completion of the Tallahassee Railroad, first to St. Marks in 1837 then to Port Leon in 1839. Elements of the building were most certainly imported at this time, including the wood flooring, marble fireplaces, and sandstone window sills. These items likely arrived to Tallahassee through the newly completed railroad from either St. Marks or Port Leon.</p><br>
<p>The Grove was built by enslaved craftsmen of African descent, many of whom were likely hired from other slave owners and had perhaps also worked to build Call&#39;s railroad. The level of their craftsmanship can be seen in the building itself, which still stands after over 175 years. While Call owned a number of slaves at this time and later became a cotton planter, there is little evidence to suggest The Grove itself ever served as a major agricultural plantation. Call was primarily involved with land speculation, his legal practice, the railroad, and politics. During the financial fallout from the Port Leon disaster in the early 1840s, of which Richard Keith Call was a major investor, The Grove was among the assets listed as collateral in settlements reached with his various creditors. The Port Leon debacle, coupled with the Tallahassee fire of 1843 (which started in a building co-owned by Call and destroyed his law office), and the failure of the Union Bank led to significant financial difficulties and a series of lawsuits against Call that lasted into the 1850s. In the ensuing settlements, Call lost some of his land holdings, but was able to keep The Grove, the Tallahassee Railroad Company, and the Orchard Pond Plantation near Lake Jackson.</p><br>
<p>In 1845, after a failed run for governor of Florida, Call retired from active politics. Afterwards, he devoted himself more to the life of a gentleman planter and took up residence at Orchard Pond plantation. By the late 1840s, his daughter, Ellen, married a promising lawyer and future state legislator, Medicus A. Long, and started a family of her own. Call eventually deeded her The Grove along with seven slaves in 1851. He spent the rest of his life at Orchard Pond, but was a frequent visitor of The Grove. In one of the notable events of The Groves history, Call, who was an ardent Southern Unionist, came to Tallahassee to protest the states secession convention taking place at the Capitol in January 1861. He decided at the last minute not to go, however, and stayed instead at The Grove. It was here that a group of secessionists decided to accost him after they voted to secede. Call stood out on the front porch, and raising his cane above his head, told them "You have opened the gates of hell, from which shall flow the curses of the damned which shall sink you to perdition." He returned to The Grove permanently as his health deteriorated, and died in 1862.</p><br>
<h3>Ellen Call Long</h3><br>
<p>After Ellen Call Long acquired the property, The Grove remained an important social gathering place for the political and economic elite of Tallahassee. In addition to a thriving legal practice, her husband, Medicus A. Long, became prominent in state politics and served in the state legislature as a senator. Like her father, Ellen was an ardent Unionist, a fact which strained relations between her and her husband, who was an outspoken secessionist. Her husband eventually left for Texas in the late 1850s, and they spent the rest of their lives separated although they never divorced. They had eight children, of whom only two lived to adulthood.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, although she opposed secession, Ellen enlisted in the cause of the Confederacy. Her son, Richard Call Long, Sr., served in the 2nd Florida Cavalry and she opened The Grove to Confederate officers and to wounded veterans. She was one of the members of the Ladies Soldiers Friend Sewing Society, a group of prominent society women in Tallahassee who volunteered their services to provide Confederate soldiers with clothing articles during the war. Ellen opened The Grove for a number of social events during the Civil War, including the Tallahassee May Day festivities held on the grounds on May 1, 1865, less than a week after the city received the news of General Robert E. Lees surrender. The Second Florida cavalry band provided music for the event, which was likely the last performance of the group as the Union army, under General Edward McCook, arrived in the city on May 10, 1865.</p><br>
<p>After the war, Ellen Call Long took more to traveling and promoting Floridas interests at home and abroad. As a way of supporting herself and her family, she started silkworm cultivation on The Grove property, at first using the first floor of the main house before building a separate cottage for this purpose. She was a leading member of the Womens Silk Culture Association and published a well-received treatise on silk cultivation and emerged as a leading expert on the subject in the state of Florida. During the 1885 gubernatorial inauguration of Edward A. Perry, a large American flag made from silk grown at The Grove was presented. As the growth of mulberry trees were crucial for silk manufacturing, Ellen also became involved in forestry. She was one of the first people in Florida to advocate for controlled burning as a form of forest management.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1800s, the cost of living and reduced income started to catch up with Ellen Call Long. She also supported her sons and her daughters families. As a result, she started selling off parcels of land around The Grove. Much of the land north and west of the property was turned into a subdivision known as the Long Grove Addition. The continued hardships faced by Ellen resulted in foreclosure proceedings being brought against her in 1903, and in desperation she turned to her grandson-in-law, Charles E. Hunt. Under disputed circumstances, she signed over The Grove and Orchard Pond to him. Her attempts to sue for repossession of the properties failed, and the properties eventually went to her granddaughter, Reinette Long Hunt, the wife of Charles Hunt. Ellen died in 1905 and is buried in the family cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>LeRoy and Mary Call Darby Collins</h3><br>
<p>When LeRoy Collins and his wife, Mary Call Darby Collins, acquired the property in 1941, it was in a tremendous state of disrepair. Mrs. Collins was a great granddaughter of Richard Keith Call, and her family connections to The Grove played a pivotal role in the Fords deciding to sell them the property for less than market value. At this time, Collins was a promising young lawyer and politician who was a member of the Florida State Legislature. Their restoration work came to a halt in the early 1940s, as Collins stepped down from his legislative seat to enlist in the Navy during World War II, rising to the rank of Lt. J.G. Although the Collins family left during that time, The Grove was far from abandoned. Evidence from the war years suggests that servicemen drawn into Tallahassee by Dale Mabry Field congregated at The Grove. In subsequent renovations of the historic cistern, the dog tags of a Lt. Joseph Azat, a pilot who died during World War II, were recovered and later returned to his family.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, Collins resumed his Tallahassee law practice and his service in the legislature. He emerged as a leading state senator at this time. The Collins family made a number of alterations to their home in the late 1940s. They added a sunroom onto the back of the house, which became known as the Florida Room. They also removed a number of Grove Hotel era features, such as bathrooms added to the first floor parlor. As the brick surface of Monroe Street was being replaced with asphalt, the Collins family acquired a large number of the thick pavers and created brick patios along the outside of the house. They also added closets upstairs and poured a cement slab in the basement.</p><br>
<p>In 1954, Collins decided to run for governor. Following the death of Governor Daniel McCarty in 1953, the governorship passed to Senate President Charley Johns on an interim basis. Johns decided to run for election as governor as well, but Collins managed to defeat him in the ensuing Democratic Party primary. Shortly after he assumed office in 1955, the state decided to construct the new Governors Mansion on the site of the previous one. It was at this time that The Grove functioned as the de facto Governors Mansion, a role it fulfilled until the completion of the new building in 1957. Collins was the first governor to live in the new mansion. Mary Call Darby Collins was actively involved in selecting the furnishings of the new mansion. James Cogar, who worked at Colonial Williamsburg, worked with Mrs. Collins on the mansion furnishing plan and after they finished, she hired Cogar to help open The Grove as a public museum. When the Collins family took possession of The Grove in the early 1940s, most of its original furnishings were gone, sold by either Ellen Call Long or Reinette Long Hunt to help make ends meet. It was largely through the efforts of Cogar that the Collins family acquired most of the period pieces used to furnish the house.</p><br>
<p>Collins established himself as one of the most popular governors in Floridas history, a fact vindicated by his reelection in 1956, making him the first sitting governor ever to win a gubernatorial election in the state. He was named chairman of both the Southern Governors Conference and the National Governors Conference. During his governorship, Collins became embroiled in the debate over integration sparked by the US Supreme Courts landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education. Like many southern states, the Florida State Legislature moved to issue a resolution of interposition in opposition to the courts ruling. Collins resolutely decried this stance, which he considered tantamount to treason, and took a firm stand against the legislature. Collins role as a southern moderate attracted the attention of national Democratic Party leaders. He was selected as Honorary Chairman of the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles and later took positions in the Lyndon B. Johnson administration as Under Secretary of Commerce and head of the newly created Community Relations Service (CRS). As director of the CRS, Collins served as the intermediary between the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the State of Alabama, and the United States government during the tense Civil Rights marches in Selma, Alabama, in 1965. Photographs showing his involvement with Selma circulated back in Florida shortly afterwards and effectively killed his political career after he tried unsuccessfully to run for Senate in 1968.</p><br>
<p>After LeRoy Collins&#39; political career ended, the Collins family came back to The Grove, where LeRoy resumed private law practice. There remained a question as to what should be done about the residence. Governor and Mrs. Collins were averse to selling the property outside of the family and as early as the 1970s, the state expressed interest in purchasing the house.</p><br>
<h2>Grove Hotel</h2><br>
<p>Reinette Long Hunt owned The Grove from 1903 until her death in 1940. She and her husband, Charles Hunt, were divorced in 1911. Like her grandmother before her, Reinette faced the difficulties of maintaining The Grove as a single woman in an era when men dominated the business, political, and the legal systems of society. Reinette presided over a salon-like atmosphere at The Grove. She opened her home as an artist studio, from which she sold artwork and taught art classes. She was also the last member of the family to own Orchard Pond plantation, which she rented out to Tennent Ronalds, a wealthy Scotsman who owned the adjacent Live Oak Plantation. Ronalds used the plantation for quail hunting. By 1916, Ronalds bought Orchard Pond from Reinette, ending over 70 years of direct association between members of the Call family and the property. Reinette developed friendships with many of the elite northerners who moved to Tallahassee at this time, including Frances C. Griscom, a champion amateur golfer. This friendship inspired Reinette to open The Grove to the newly formed Tallahassee Country Club. The Grove served as its first clubhouse and the adjacent grounds included a few golf holes. In the late 1910s, Reinette Long Hunt entered into a partnership with John Aldridge to form the Leon Storage and Seed Company, a short-lived company.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s, Reinette started The Grove Hotel. She marketed The Grove as "The Home of the Tallahassee Girl" after the Maurice Thompson novel of the same name, of which Eleanora Long Hollinger, the daughter of Ellen Call Long, was widely believed to be the inspiration for the protagonist of the story. The Grove Hotels location near the Governors Mansion made it ideal for visiting politicians and lawyers. Among the renters were Richard Ervin, a future chief justice of the Florida Supreme Court. He rented out the entire second floor during the 1920s. In 1924, the Tallahassee Centennial celebrations were held at The Grove. A grandstand was constructed and people watched as separate plays were held for white and black audiences on different days, at least one of which was written by Reinette herself. In an effort to generate additional income, Reinette also constructed three small cottages on the property and repurposed the old silkworm cottage into a residential building.</p><br>
<p>On New Years Day, 1934, The Grove caught fire. The fire was largely relegated to the attic and roof, but caused significant damage. Richard Call Long Jr., Reinettes brother, died from injuries sustained while fighting the fire. Perhaps as a way of protecting the cemetery in the wake of her financial troubles, Reinette deeded it to the local Masonic Lodge, Jackson Lodge Number One, before her death. Despite her best efforts, Reinette could not stave off creditors, and was on the verge of subdividing the rest of the property surrounding The Grove when she died in 1940. The property passed to John W. Ford and Josephine Ford Agler, her distant cousins and the grandchildren of Ohio industrialist Joseph Green Butler. After a brief period under their ownership, the property passed to LeRoy Collins and his wife Mary Call Darby Collins.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership by the State of Florida</h2><br>
<p>In 1985, the State of Florida formally acquired The Grove from the Collins family for the purpose of opening a historic house museum. LeRoy Collins and Mary Call Darby Collins were given life leases on the property. LeRoy Collins died in 1991 and Mary Call Darby Collins died in 2009. After the death of Mrs. Collins, the state started a complete rehabilitation of the property. The Florida Department of State, Division of Historical Resources began the process of preparing the building for future use as a public museum. The building underwent extensive rehabilitation, which included structural stabilization, repair of historic windows, masonry, and interior finishes, the restoration of the historic cistern, mechanical upgrades, new plumbing, and the installation of life safety features. To make the building handicapped accessible, the state built a ramp leading into the 1950s addition and constructed an elevator. The restoration of the building was guided by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System. As part of this, a non-historic carport built by the Collins family on the property was repurposed into a public bathroom and a pump was installed into the cistern to allow for it to collect rainwater from the building and provide irrigation for the lawn, minimizing the site&#39;s impact on the city water supply. Efforts were also made to reuse as much of the original building materials as possible and items that could not be reused, such as sinks, toilets, and appliances, were donated to Habitat for Humanity.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Grove is an excellent example of antebellum Greek Revival architecture. Among the distinguishing architectural features of the house is a full-height pedimented portico supported by four Tuscan columns, a prominent dentilated cornice extending around the building along the roofline, elaborate doors on both the first and second story, and a symmetrical, balanced interior floorplan, all of which are hallmarks of the Greek Revival style. The original main entrance of the house features double wooden doors flanked by unfinished paired fluted pilasters and columns, and elaborate sidelights. The original main entryway is also topped by an elaborate elliptical fanlight and a plain entablature similar in appearance to that extending near the portico roofline. The second story entryway has a similar appearance to the first story entry except the fanlight is plainer in design and a small balconet has been placed in front. This doorway was supposed to open up into a second story balcony but according to legend, the ship carrying the materials for the balcony was lost at sea and no attempt was made to finish the project.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s exterior and interior walls are entirely made of brick, including the columns. With the exception of the brick along the portico, which is covered with stucco, the rest of the exterior brick is exposed. The windows are almost all original, and are mostly 6/6 single hung sash windows. The house is topped by a low-pitched hip roof with architectural slate shingles and four symmetrically placed brick chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The interior layout of The Grove&#39;s historic core has been described as Georgian in design, with a central hallway on the first and second floors flanked by two rooms identical in size. Perhaps the most notable feature of the interior is a spiral staircase from the first to the second floor hallway similar in styling to that of the interior staircase of The Hermitage in Nashville, Tennessee. Other prominent design elements in the interior of the building including decorative pedimented pilaster moldings around the windows and Egyptian marble fireplaces in the first floor parlor and dining room. The first floor window surrounds/casings are canted, with decorative wood paneling covering the brick walls underneath. The doorways going into the first floor rooms from the central hallway also have pedimented pilasters. The rest of the interior spaces are less ornate. There are fireplaces in all of the rooms in the house.</p><br>
<p>Boothe Memorial Park and Museum sits on a 32 acre site in the Putney section of Stratford, Connecticut. Built about 1840 and remodeled in 1914, it is said to be "The Oldest Homestead in America," since it sits on the foundations of a 1663 house, and has been continuously occupied. Circa 1914 two brothers, David Beach Boothe and Stephen Nichols Boothe, created the Boothe Memorial Museum which maintains a collection of twenty architecturally unique buildings. Some of the structures include a carriage house, Americana Museum, miniature lighthouse, windmill, a clock tower museum, trolley station, chapel, and a blacksmith shop. The property became a public park owned by the town of Stratford in 1949.</p><br>
<p>Boothe Memorial Park and Museum was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 1, 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Observatory</h2><br>
<p>The Observatory was built in 1957 on the grounds of the park, located near the cemetery. The observatory features two telescopes: a 16-inch Cassegrain (1960) and 4 inch Unitron refractor.</p><br>
<h2>Putney chapel</h2><br>
<p>Originally constructed in 1844 for Congregationalist services, the Putney Chapel was moved onto Boothe Park grounds in 1968 from a nearby location on Chapel Street. The chapel is officially non-denominational, handicapped accessible and can still be used as a place of worship or for events, being rentable by the day.</p><br>
<h2>Toll booth</h2><br>
<p>The park also contains the last remaining highway toll booth in Connecticut. It was removed from the Milford side of the Igor I. Sikorsky Memorial Bridge at the end of the Merritt Parkway, when state toll booths were abolished in June 1988. The booth is of wooden log architecture and is also on the list of National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Coca-Cola Bottling Plant  is an historic building located at 939 North Magnolia Avenue in Ocala, Florida, United States. Built in 1939, it was designed by Fort Lauderdale architect Courtney Stewart in the Mission/Spanish Revival style of architecture. On May 4, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. Now owned and operated by Gartner Group, Inc. The building is the site of Grand Pointe Ocala, the cities premier event and conference center.</p><br>
<p>East Hall  is an historic one-story redbrick building located at 307 Southeast 26th Terrace in Ocala, Florida, United States. It is located on the grounds of the Marion County McPherson Governmental Complex. Designed by architect Frank Parzaile, it was built in 1936 by the Public Works Administration. On July 28, 1995, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It is home to the Marion County Museum of History and Archaeology.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Florida Industrial School for Girls was a reclamation school for delinquent females in Ocala, Florida. The state legislature first established the school in 1915, and was opened in 1917. The industrial school originally accepted girls from nine to seventeen years of age, but later accepted only those ages twelve to seventeen. No pregnant females were allowed. They were trained in home economics as well as traditional school curricula. In 1995, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Marion County Museum</h2><br>
<p>East Hall is home to the Marion County Museum of History and Archaeology, which features antiques and artifacts of local history.</p><br>
<p>The Marion Hotel is a historic hotel in Ocala, Florida, United States. It is located at 108 North Magnolia Avenue. On October 16, 1980, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The manager of the hotel in the 1930s was Norton Baskin, a career hotelier originally from Union Springs, Alabama, who had worked in hotels in Atlanta and Valdosta, Georgia, and Lake Worth, Florida, before coming to Ocala in 1933. It was there that he met the author Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, who was living nearby in the hamlet of Cross Creek. The story of their long courtship is told in the 1983 film Cross Creek, which featured Mary Steenburgen as Rawlings and Peter Coyote as Baskin. While Baskin managed the hotel, famous guests included actor W. C. Fields, novelist Sinclair Lewis, and journalist John Hersey. With money made from her bestselling novel The Yearling, Rawlings was able to invest in a hotel, run by Baskin, in St. Augustine, where the couple moved and married in 1941. In 2022 plans were announced to restore the Marion Hotel building as a boutique hotel, after decades serving as a bank and office building.</p><br>
<p>The Nathan B. Booth House is a historic house at 6080 Main Street in the Putney section of Stratford, Connecticut. Built in 1843 for a prosperous farmer, the house is a well-preserved example of transitional Federal-Greek Revival architecture, and the area&#39;s only known gable-fronted house of the period. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Nathan B. Booth House stands in what is now a residential area of the Putney section of Stratford, on the east side of Main Street a short way north of the Boothe Memorial Park and Museum. It is set on a rise above the street, with its front facade facing west. It is a -story timber-frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. A single-story porch of early 20th-century construction extends across the front facade and around part of the north and south sides. The main facade is three asymmetrically placed bays wide, with the main entrance set in the rightmost bay, flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a transom. The ground floor windows are full length in the Greek Revival style. The interior follows a fairly typical Greek Revival side hall plan, with a curved staircase rising in the main hall, and many other original period features.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1843 for Nathan Booth, on land belonging to his father, Abijah. Although the building outwardly appears Greek Revival, its timber-frame construction is more commonly associated with earlier Federal and Georgian construction. Booth was a successful farmer, probably providing produce for the burgeoning markets of Bridgeport. He also appears to have harvested oysters, probably from a marshy island he owned in the nearby Housatonic River. However, he probably overextended himself financially, and was forced to sell the farm in 1877.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood of Irvington, named after Washington Irving, includes Irvington Historic District, a historic district in Indianapolis, Indiana. The historic district is a 545 acre area that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. That year, the district included 2,373 contributing buildings, 5 other contributing structures, and 2 contributing sites.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Irvington</h2><br>
<p>Founded in 1870 by Sylvester Johnson and Jacob Julian, Irvington was originally created as a suburban town of Indianapolis. It formed along winding roads of dirt and brick that reflected landscape design in the Romantic era. The town was built as a quiet suburb where artists, politicians, military generals, academics, and heads of local industry resided. In 1902, Irvington was annexed by Indianapolis.</p><br>
<p>Irvington is located five miles (8 km) east of downtown Indianapolis on the western edge of Warren Township. The neighborhood is situated on Washington Street, which is the route of the historic National Road, a National Scenic Byway. US 40 was formerly routed along the road. Through the early 1900s, a commuter rail/trolley system ran from Irvington to downtown Indianapolis along US 40.</p><br>
<p>Irvington is the largest locally protected historic district in Indianapolis. The district includes roughly 2,800 buildings and about 1,600 parcels of land. Seventy-eight percent of Irvington homes were built before 1960. Irvington began petitioning its residents to support historic preservation in 2001 through the efforts of the Historic Irvington Community Council. The Irvington Historic District Neighborhood Plan was adopted by the Indianapolis Historic Preservation Commission on October 4, 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Butler University</h2><br>
<p>From 1875 to 1928, Irvington was the home of Butler University. Butler transformed Irvington into a college community. The campus grew in the southwest corner of Irvington, between the Pennsylvania Railroad and the B&O Railroad tracks. Buildings at the campus eventually included the Main Building (1875), Science Building (1892), Womens Dorm (1880s), Bona Thompson Memorial Library (1903, later the Bona Thompson Memorial Center), and a World War I era gymnasium. The Christian Womans Board of Missions built a missionary training school in 1909 adjacent to the campus. By the 1910s, the university had over one thousand students. All the Butler buildings have since been demolished except for the Bona Thompson Memorial Library and the Presidents Home (which became Irvington United Methodist Church, locally called the "Church on the Circle"). The Bona Thompson Memorial Center is the home of the Irvington Historical Society. It houses the societys art collection and historical documents. The art collection can be viewed in the rehabilitated gallery space. Also on display are various art shows, including a yearly juried show. Events from meetings to weddings and receptions are held at the Center.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<h3>Historic Irvington Halloween Festival</h3><br>
<p>The Irvington Halloween Festival is a non-profit event founded in 1947 by the Irvington Community Council in an effort to bring together residents, neighborhood organizations, and businesses in Irvington for a celebration of heritage and community. The festival encompasses the week leading up to October 31, culminating in a street festival on the final Saturday. East Washington Street is closed through downtown Irvington to hold the street festival. Events include a 5 mi run, a pageant, musicians, contests, Halloween-themed movies, storytelling, ghost tours, live theater, roller derby, a haunted puppet show, and dozens of other events.</p><br>
<h2>Arts</h2><br>
<p>Irvington was the birthplace and home to the only historic art movement in Central Indiana named for a specific place, the Irvington Group. In the early 1900s, this group of artists lived, met, practiced and exhibited art in Irvington. Many of the artists&#39; homes and studios remain standing throughout the community.</p><br>
<p>The Irvington Lodge, Bona Thompson Memorial Library, and The Studio School & Gallery are public venues where arts are taught and displayed throughout the Irvington neighborhood.</p><br>
<h3>Irving Theatre</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1913, the Irving Theatre was originally a nickelodeon. In 1926, the theatre went under major renovations, adding six rental units, a second story, and lengthening the theatre. Throughout the decades, the theatre&#39;s uses differed until it closed in the mid-1990s. It sat unoccupied until 2005, when it was reopened, and since then has been looking for funds for renovation. The theatre is a hub for live music, films, and art, community, and private events. Three apartment units are on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The Irving is one of the city&#39;s largest all-ages music venues. With a capacity of over 700 people, the theatre aims to attract bands that would otherwise pass on an Indianapolis visit.</p><br>
<p>The Irving Theater hosts WOOT-FM Community Radio Project in the far western storefront. WOOT-FM is a not for profit community radio station featuring local musicians and acts. WOOT-FM&#39;s plan is to receive their LPFM license in the year 2014 serving the Indianapolis metropolitan area.</p><br>
<h2>Churches</h2><br>
<p>One of the oldest churches in Irvington is an African-American congregation, Irvington Baptist Church. Formed in 1887, it is one of the oldest African-American congregations in Marion County. Other churches, such as Downey Avenue Christian Church, first met in the Butler University Main Building, and later built a church in the 1890s. Presbyterians gathered to form a church in the early 1900s, as the Methodists had done in the decades before. Catholics petitioned for a parish in 1909, which became Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church. All of these denominations maintain historic houses of worship.</p><br>
<h2>Schools and libraries</h2><br>
<p>Irvington is home to local schools and a branch of the Indianapolis Public Library. George Washington Julian Elementary School #57, to be grades K-8 for the 2019-2020 school year is part of the Indianapolis Public Schools. There are also four charter schools. Irvington Community School for grades K–5, Irvington Middle School for grades 6–8, Irvington Preparatory Academy for grades 9–12, and Thomas Carr Howe Academy for grades 9–12. Together, these schools offer public education for grades K-12. Irvington is also home to the Roman Catholic school Our Lady of Lourdes, available for grades K–8.</p><br>
<p>Irvington has a long history of libraries. In 1903, the Bona Thompson Library was open to Butler students and the public. Since then, a local Irvington library has always been open to residents in different locations ranging from homes to particular structures. In 1956, the Hilton U. Brown Library, named in honor of the Irvington resident, opened on East Washington Street. In 2001, a new, state-of-the-art Irvington Branch Library opened at 5625 East Washington Street. The former Brown Library building is used for early education by Indianapolis Public Schools.</p><br>
<p>Irvington was also home to the Children&#39;s Guardian Home on University Avenue, before it was converted to a new high school for the Irvington Preparatory Academy.</p><br>
<h2>Historic structures</h2><br>
<p>Irvington is both architecturally and culturally significant to Indianapolis and Marion County. The area contains excellent examples of every major American architectural style from 1870 to 1950, including Italianate, French Second Empire, Victorian Gothic, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival and Tudor Revival. However, Irvington is perhaps best known for its fine collection of Arts & Crafts architecture, including the only known example of a Gustav Stickley-designed house in Indiana.</p><br>
<p>Washington Street is home to several historic business buildings including the old bank, former Irvington Masonic Lodge No. 666 and the Irving Theatre.</p><br>
<h3>Benton House</h3><br>
<p>The Benton House was built in 1873 by Nicholas Ohmer and was the home of Allen R. Benton, a former president of Butler University. The Irvington Historic Landmarks Foundation was formed in 1966 to oversee the purchase and restoration of the house. In 1973, the home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only house on the National Register on the Indianapolis East Side listed in the Historic Register that is available to the public.</p><br>
<h3>Stephenson Mansion</h3><br>
<p>The Stephenson Mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the William H. H. Graham House in 1982. The home was built in 1889 for William H. H. Graham, who was associated with the Benjamin Harrison administration. It also served as a sorority home for Kappa Kappa Gamma students at Butler University in 1923. D. C. Stephenson acquired the home in 1923 and remodeled it to resemble a Civil War-era plantation home. The home is one of several in the neighborhood that are of interest to people who believe in haunted houses.</p><br>
<h2>Parks</h2><br>
<p>Ellenberger Park is located in northern Irvington. The park was named for John Ellenberger, the farmer who owned the land prior to the citys original 32 acre purchase of the woods for the community in 1909. Additional acreage was purchased in 1911 and 1915, increasing the size of the park to 42 acre. Landscape architect and urban planner George Kessler developed this park and Pleasant Run Parkway in the early 1900s as part of his Indianapolis Park and Boulevard System. Kesslers design retained much of the original character of the site, including a refusal to install walkways other than the preexisting paths.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, the city parks board renamed the park as Jameson Park in honor of Dr. Henry Jameson, the chairman of the board when the park and boulevard system was designed and constructed, but protests by Irvington residents resulted in the reversal of that decision in 1926. In 1930, the park added a pool, and in 1962, an ice rink was installed, which was later closed in 2009. The park also includes two playgrounds, eight tennis courts, a baseball diamond, softball diamond, football field, fitness trail, beach volleyball court, and a hill perfect for winter sports such as sledding and snowboarding. Ellenberger Park hosts outdoor movie screenings in the summer. In recent years, the city of Indianapolis has finished constructing the Pleasant Run Trail greenway. The trail currently runs 6.9 mi and connects Ellenberger Park with Garfield Park, the oldest park in the city, on the near south side of Indianapolis; significant northern and southern expansions are planned for the trail.</p><br>
<p>Irving Circle Park occupies about 0.5 acre of green space encircled by S. Irving Circle near the intersection of S. Audubon Rd. and E. University Ave. The park includes a fountain, a bust of Washington Irving, and personalized brick paths. Band concerts are often held in the park throughout the summer season.</p><br>
<p>In September 2009, Mayor Greg Ballard and local citizens celebrated the opening of the Pennsy Trail, a 1.2 mi walking, running, and biking trail between Arlington Avenue and Shortridge Road. Named for the Pennsylvania Railroad that ran through this area until its tracks were pulled up in 1982, most of the trail abuts residential housing. It also connects the Bonna Shops at Bonna and Audubon, and the Irvington Charter Elementary school.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Grace Julian Clarke, suffragist, journalist and author</p><br>
<p>William Forsyth, artist</p><br>
<p>Johnny Gruelle, illustrator and Raggedy Ann creator</p><br>
<p>Helene Hibben, sculptor and educator</p><br>
<p>Frank McKinney "Kin" Hubbard, cartoonist, humorist, author, journalist</p><br>
<p>George W. Julian, politician, attorney and writer</p><br>
<p>Gertrude Amelia Mahorney, translator and educator, first African-American college graduate in Indiana</p><br>
<p>Dorothy Morlan, artist</p><br>
<p>Constance Coleman Richardson, painter</p><br>
<p>D. C. Stephenson, convicted rapist, murderer, and Grand Dragon of the Indiana Klan</p><br>
<p>Clifton Wheeler, artist</p><br>
<p>H. H. Holmes, serial killer and con artist, committed the murder of Howard Pitezel in Irvington in October 1894.</p><br>
<p>The Pope–Leighey House, formerly known as the Loren Pope Residence, is a suburban home in Virginia designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The house, which belongs to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, has been relocated twice and sits on the grounds of Woodlawn Plantation, Alexandria, Virginia. Along with the Andrew B. Cooke House and the Luis Marden House, it is one of the three homes in Virginia designed by Wright.</p><br>
<h2>Conception</h2><br>
<p>Commissioned in 1939 by journalist Loren Pope and his wife Charlotte Pope, the Pope–Leighey House was one of the first Usonian houses designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. It was completed in 1941, located at 1005 Locust Street, Falls Church, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Loren Pope had become interested in Wright after seeing him on the cover of a 1938 Time Magazine issue, which included an article depicting his work on Fallingwater. In the article, Wright expressed a desire to design homes for middle-class Americans, in keeping with his interest in using architecture as a tool for progressive social reform. Wright responded that he only built houses for "people who deserved them" like middle-class families, noting that he would never design for those in the real estate business. Encouraged, Pope read Wright&#39;s autobiography, which made him so enamored with Wright that he became determined to contact the architect for a commission.</p><br>
<p>Pope wrote to Wright, telling him that "There are certain things a man wants during life, and, of life. Material things and things of the spirit. The writer has one fervent wish that includes both. It is a house created by you." Wright agreed to design a home for the Popes. Pope traveled to Wisconsin to visit Wright at his Taliesin estate to discuss the plans for the new house.</p><br>
<p>Pope was making $50 per week as a copy editor for the Washington Evening Star, and in his letter to Wright, Pope indicated that he was able to spend $5,000 on the house, which was significantly less than the typical cost of a design by Wright. Borrowing money for the house proved difficult, with one lender warning Pope that the home could be a "white elephant"—in other words, a property which would require a lot of money and attention without providing much profit in return. However, Pope was determined, so he turned to his employer for a loan. The Washington Evening Star lent him $5,700 for the project, to be taken out of his weekly salary. Mindful of the Popes financial limitations, Wright scaled down the plan from 1,800 square feet to 1,200 square feet. The house ultimately cost $7,000, which was a remarkably low price for Wright design, but was in keeping with Wrights desire to provide middle-class Americans with accessible housing.</p><br>
<h3>Style</h3><br>
<p>Frank Lloyd Wright was one of the foremost architects within the American modern architecture movement. Although he was reluctant to ascribe his work to any particular movement, he had considerable influence over the evolution of modernism. Wright had achieved such prominence in the field that architects would gather around during the construction of the house in the hopes of glimpsing (or even taking) some sketches done by Wright.</p><br>
<p>By the 1930s, when the conception of the house began to take shape, Wright had acquired an image of an architect who designed houses for the stylish and affluent. Motivated by a desire to change this image, as well as by a sincere interest in social reform, Wright developed an architectural style specifically accessible to and intended for the American middle-class called Usonian architecture. As the United States began to grow rapidly, architects imagined what the future of the nation might be like, and explored how they could set the tone of the coming century through their designs. Usonianism was Wright&#39;s contribution to this movement. The Pope–Leighey House is a prime example of Usonianism, and Wright felt that it was some of his best work, even toying with the idea of naming it "Touchstone". The house features many of the key elements of Usonian architecture, including an L shape, a flat roof, natural building materials, cantilevered structure (particularly in the carport), and an integration of the outdoors with the indoors.</p><br>
<p>His interest in progressive reform aligned with the belief within modernism that architecture could and should have an impact on social issues. As noted architect Le Corbusier contended, the design and construction of buildings was "at the root of all social unrest," and there was plenty of social unrest in the early 20th century in America. Many architects turned to beautification and rational planning as a means towards progress, based on the idea that visual and structural beauty would contribute to better working and living conditions. Architecture was viewed as a mechanism for promoting progressive beliefs, motivated in part by pushback against corporate growth and landlordism. This development happened in tandem with the rise of working-class activism, particularly in big cities which were expanding as a result of commercial trade. Wright believed in this transformative ability of architecture, designing his houses with the intention of nurturing the lives of the middle-class people who inhabited them. This principle is demonstrated at the Pope–Leighey House in the attention Wright paid to every component of the Popes&#39; life there, down to the appliances, furniture, and decor.</p><br>
<p>One primary tenet of modernism was functionalism, which held that the form of architecture should follow function. This meant that the design of a building should revolve solely around its purpose, as opposed to any particular aesthetic, and that a complete concentration on function would inevitably result in beauty. Functionalism represented a pivotal shift away from tradition, which had previously held that the form of architecture should follow precedent. Wright&#39;s architecture mentor, Louis Sullivan, was famously a proponent of functionalism. Wright altered this principle by positing that form and function are one, thus arguing that both the purpose and the decor of a building should be taken into consideration.</p><br>
<p>Wrights attention to function and form simultaneously meant his designs were rational while remaining artistic and decorative. This can be seen in the design of the Pope–Leighey House, as noted by the houses primary carpenter, who remarked upon reviewing Wright&#39;s plans that the house was "logical." Wright wanted his designs to be practical, but was uninterested in purely utilitarian buildings whose appearance reflected their purpose and nothing more, as was often the case when following the principles of functionalism. Wright wanted to reimagine the typical box shape that house design had come to rely on—he was more interested in deconstructing the space so that it might flow more freely, allowing rooms to merge into one another and experimenting with ceiling heights. He felt a house ought to feel open but still protective of its residents. This philosophy was precipitated by scientific discoveries about the human psyche, which had caused architects to reevaluate the relationship of a building to the people inside it. It became important to consider in the design process how architecture would make individuals feel.</p><br>
<p>The house also reflects Wrights commitment to blurring the line between the indoors and outdoors. Wright believed that architecture should be integrated into its environment almost as if it grew naturally from the ground. He drew on inspiration from nature in much of his work, which can be seen in this house in the materials: the use of brick and wood made the space feel like "a rustic hide-out in the mountains," according to Pope. In recalling the draft plan for the house, Loren Pope noted that the "walls seemed to be only screens." Stars in the nighttime sky can be viewed from a spot inside the house next to the fireplace. The houses French doors open to unite the living room floor with the patio and the lawn outside. The landscaping around the house was also a part of the architecture. Wright wanted the house to evoke the sensation of "a happy, cloudless day."</p><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>The house is in the shape of an L, a technique Wright often used to incorporate an outdoor garden space. At the juncture of the two wings are the entrance, a study, and the kitchen. In one wing, there are two bedrooms and a bathroom, and in the other, there is a space which functions as a living room, a dining area, and a library. The height of the living room space is 11.5 feet (3.5 m). The house is one story, but it has two levels to accommodate the natural slope of the land. The original plans had included a workshop, but it had to be removed when Wright downsized the design for affordability. The roof is held up by three brick pillars.</p><br>
<p>Glass, a building material typical of modernism, is featured prominently throughout the house. The French doors, along with a strip of clerestory windows, allow natural light and fresh air to enter the home. The windows have a unique pattern which create an effect of patterned light throughout the house. These windows, combined with vents and a concrete floor, enable natural regulation of temperature in the house without air conditioning, which was notably innovative at the time of design. There is supplementary radiant heating from hot water pipes under the concrete floor. Natural heating and cooling dependent on windows and radiant-floor heating is typical of Usonian houses.</p><br>
<p>The brick and wood used throughout the house are not painted but rather treated with clear wax, which accentuates their natural qualities. The floor is Cherokee Red, one of Wright&#39;s signature colors.</p><br>
<p>There is a cantilevered carport above the driveway. Cantilevered structures are a motif throughout Wright&#39;s designs.</p><br>
<p>The furniture was also designed by Wright, and was included with the property when the Popes purchased it. The furniture was designed as part of the house, which reflects the Usonian principle that housing should be rational and livable, not merely decorative. To Wright, the interior was just as important as the construction of the building, and thus furniture and appliances were part of his vision.</p><br>
<p>It was crucial to Wright that the interior and exterior of the house fit his vision exactly. When a magnolia tree that Pope had planted in front of the carport grew taller than the roof, Wright visited to inform him that he must cut down the tree because it interfered with the design. Wright also oversaw Pope&#39;s extension of the brick patio, admonishing him if he deemed the job too sloppy.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Construction began in 1940. Wright chose his apprentice of two years, Gordon Chadwick, as the general contractor who would oversee construction of the home. Howard Rickert from Vienna, Virginia, was the project&#39;s primary carpenter. Wright, who liked to be involved at every step of the process, visited the site of construction several times.</p><br>
<p>Usonian homes did not use stock materials, so every piece of the building had to be constructed on the site, including components like the windows and doors.</p><br>
<p>Once construction was completed, Wright felt that the cost of the house had become too high. Concerned about the Popes&#39; ability to afford the house, and determined to stick to his Usonian principle of accessibility for the middle class, Wright never requested his final payment. Pope and his family moved into the house in 1941.</p><br>
<h2>First relocation</h2><br>
<p>The Popes lived in the house for five years, but after the death of their young son and the birth of two more children, the Popes decided to move. In 1946, they sold the home to Robert and Marjorie Leighey for $17,000. The Popes moved to a farm in Loudoun County, planning to commission from Wright another, larger home on that land. However, Pope could not afford a new home until 1959, at which point Wright was already busy with the Guggenheim Museum in New York.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, the Virginia Department of Highways declared that the house would be condemned to make way for Interstate 66, offering a condemnation award of $25,605. The National Trust for Historic Preservation, with the help of the Secretary of the Interior, began a campaign to save the house from destruction, writing to the governor of Virginia suggesting that the highway might be rerouted. The proposal was denied, and the house was ultimately dismantled, moved, and reconstructed on another piece of property owned by the National Trust for Historic Preservation: Woodlawn Plantation, a 2,000 acre property in Alexandria, Virginia which was once part of George Washington&#39;s estate.</p><br>
<p>The house opened to the public as the Pope–Leighey House in 1965. Marjorie Leighey continued to reside in the home from 1969 until her death in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Second relocation</h2><br>
<p>The house&#39;s initial location at Woodlawn Plantation turned out to be on top of unstable marine clay, which was causing the base of the house to crack. The house remains in that spot today, sharing a historical site with Woodlawn Plantation.</p><br>
<p>The National Trust has preserved the house as it was intended to be lived in, complete with original decor and furniture, so visitors to the house today can see Wright&#39;s Usonian vision.</p><br>
<p>Harder Hall is a historic former hotel building in Sebring, Florida. It is located on Lake Jackson, at 3300 Golfview Drive. It was regarded as one of the "Grande Dame hotels of Florida", until its closing in 1986. The hotel was designed by renowned Palm Beach architect William Manly King, and was considered the social center of Sebring. On June 20, 1990, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In late 2022 former St. Petersburg City Council Member Robert G. Blackmon purchased the hotel for 4 million dollars.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Vincent S. Hall acquired 2000 acres on Little Lake Jackson for construction of a resort to be part of the Biltmore Hotel chain. Hall, who was also involved in the Miami Biltmore Hotel, partnered with Lewis Harder to make the plan a reality. Billed as "the Coral Gables of Central Florida", the resort was designed in the Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture popular during the period and contained 200 rooms, with a length of 630 feet and a height of 160 feet. It had approximately 50,000 ft&sup2; square feet of rooms and halls, 35,000 ft&sup2; of public areas including a mezzanine lobby. The 4,200 ft&sup2; great room and banquet room both had 22 ft ceilings with large french doors that overlook the lake.</p><br>
<p>"Harder Hall" was named for its developers, Lewis F. Harder and Vincent Hall, both of West Palm Beach. Construction of the resort began in 1925, prior to the end of the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The firm responsible for the construction of the building, Schultze and Weaver, were also responsible for the Biltmore Hotel in Coral Gables, Florida. In 1927, before opening, Harder and Hall went bankrupt on the project; it was then purchased by a group including US Congressman Edgar Raymond Kiess, with Vincent Hall returning as resident manager. On January 21, 1928, the classic Spanish Style hotel and golf resort opened on the shore of Little Lake Jackson.</p><br>
<h3>Operation</h3><br>
<p>From the start, Harder Hall was heralded as "a high class hotel that has been called the finest in Florida" where "the highest types of society gather for balls and social events of the exclusive set". Featured hotel activities included golfing, tennis, boating, swimming, fishing, hunting, horseback riding, and more. Department store magnate S. S. Kresge spent his honeymoon at the resort, while Statler Hotel founder Ellsworth Milton Statler spent winters there.</p><br>
<p>Novelist Rex Beach lived at the hotel for a period in the 1920s. Beach&#39;s brother in law, famed comedian Fred Stone, made national headlines when he went golfing at the resort in 1929, his first public outing without crutches since he had been injured in a plane crash the year before.</p><br>
<p>A number of notable performers appeared at the hotel over the years, including actress Vilma Ebsen</p><br>
<p>It greatly benefitted from its proximity to the Sebring International Raceway and was the hotel of choice for many of the affluent drivers who competed in the 12 Hours of Sebring race, and of the celebrities and who attended the festivities. The resort hosted many pre and post race parties, as well as award banquets. Harder Hall "virtually always has been Sebring race headquarters, if not officially, unofficially, and surely socially"</p><br>
<p>Famous guests included actor Steve McQueen, Peter Revson, Dan Gurney Mario Andretti, Count Alfonso de Portago, Briggs Cunningham, Paul Newman, Jim Garner, Dick Smothers, and Bruce Jenner. In 1984, Driver Hurley Haywood remarked "I love pink old Harder Hall...I still stay there. I love the quaintness of Sebring".</p><br>
<p>In the 30s, Walter Hagen faced off against Joe Kirkwood in an exhibition match at the resort, with Rube Walberg and novelist Rex Beach pairing off for their own round. In the 1960s, golf stars Cary Middlecoff and Jim Ferree faced off in a televised "World Championship Golf" match.</p><br>
<p>From 1960-1964 the resort played host to the annual Haig & Haig Scotch Foursome, which eventually became known as the JCPenney Classic. In 2000 the tournament was replaced by the Valspar Championship, now held annually at the Innisbrook Resort and Golf Club.</p><br>
<p>In October 1986, the LPGA Futures Tour established its home base at the resort, with the hotel serving as host to a number of LPGA tournaments over the years including the long-running Harder Hall Women&#39;s Invitational</p><br>
<p>The resort also featured 12 tennis courts and a tennis clubhouse.</p><br>
<p>St. Thomas Memorial Cemetery located in Overton, Nevada was listed on the United States&#39; National Register of Historic Places on February 1, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was associated with the early Mormon settlements in the area, including St. Thomas, Nevada. It was moved to its present location in 1935 to remove it from area to be covered by Lake Mead following the construction of Hoover Dam. For a short period it was referred to as Mead Lake Cemetery before finally acquiring the name of St. Thomas Memorial Cemetery. The cemetery is maintained by the community.</p><br>
<p>American Beach is a historic beach community in northeastern Florida once popular with African-American vacationers. It is located north of Jacksonville on Amelia Island in Nassau County. During the time of segregation and the Jim Crow era, African Americans were denied access to many public amenities such as public pools and beaches in order to increase the value of nearby real estate, among other reasons. In view of this Abraham Lincoln Lewis, Florida&#39;s first black millionaire and president of the Afro-American Life Insurance Company, founded American Beach as a resort community that was visited mostly by African Americans, though all were welcome. It contains the American Beach Historic District, a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>American Beach was co-founded in 1935 by Florida&#39;s first black millionaire, Abraham Lincoln Lewis, and his Afro-American Life Insurance Company. A. L. Lewis was one of the original founders of the Afro-American Life Insurance Company in 1901; with little education he became a world traveler, investor, philanthropist, and the first African-American millionaire in the state of Florida.</p><br>
<p>Since many white-owned insurance companies at the time would not insure Black Americans, A. L. Lewis&#39;s company filled a niche in the community and was very successful. With this newfound wealth, A. L. Lewis bought and built various amenities open to Black Americans, such as the Lincoln Golf & Country Club and, of course, American Beach.</p><br>
<p>American Beach played host to numerous celebrities during this period, including folklorist Zora Neale Hurston, singer Billie Daniels, Cab Calloway, Ray Charles, Billy Eckstein, Hank Aaron, Joe Louis, actor Ossie Davis, and Sherman Hemsley. James Brown was turned away from performing outside Evans&#39; Rendezvous, a nightclub on the beach. In 1964, American Beach was hit hard by Hurricane Dora, and many homes and buildings were destroyed. Before passage of the Civil Rights Act, it was not unheard of for Black beaches to be located outside of city limits, thus forcing Black families to walk miles simply to go to the ocean. After the Civil Rights Act desegregated the beaches of Florida in 1964, American Beach as a Black resort became less of a necessity and many African-American Jacksonvillians turned to locations closer to home.</p><br>
<p>A. L. Lewiss granddaughter MaVynee Betsch, known to locals as the Beach Lady, returned to American Beach in 1977 to fight for its preservation. Despite American Beachs loss of its status as a regional vacation spot for African Americans, Betsch tried to hold onto American Beach against potential buyers of the land. She wanted to make American Beach a monument to black Americans&#39; determination to overcome the obstacles of the Jim Crow era. As of January 2001, American Beach is listed as a historic site by the National Register of Historic Places. In 2003, Amelia Island Plantation bought Nana Dune and donated it to the National Park Service. For years, she planted trees along Lewis Street, offered historical tours of the beach, and fought to raise public awareness of the beach and its struggle until her death in September 2005. The American Beach Museum opened in 2014 to memorialize the history of American Beach with her help.</p><br>
<p>The American Beach Museum is dedicated to the founder of American Beach with the name "The A. L. Lewis Museum", for his contributions to the black community in Jacksonville, Florida. The museum, a lifelong dream of MaVynee Betsch, opened its doors to the public on September 6, 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>American Beach Historic District is a historic district in American Beach. It is roughly bounded by Gregg, Lewis, Leonard, Main, and James Streets, and Ocean Boulevard, encompasses approximately 40 acre, and contains 67 buildings and one structure. On January 28, 2002, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Fictional portrayals</h2><br>
<p>Sunshine State, film directed by John Sayles in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The South End of Stamford, Connecticut is a neighborhood located at the southern end of the city, just south of the Downtown neighborhood. The South End is a peninsula bordered by Downtown Stamford and Interstate 95 to the north and almost totally by water on all other sides , with few streets linking it to other neighborhoods.</p><br>
<p>Once a major industrial hub, home to the major lock manufacturing company Yale & Towne, the neighborhood has seen rapid redevelopment since the late 2000s. The 80 acre Harbor Point redevelopment, launched in 2008, saw a number of industrial sites redeveloped and repurposed as high-end residential, office, and commercial buildings. The redevelopment has attracted many young professionals to the South End, drawing remarks from many locals about the dramatic change in the neighborhood, as well as concerns about gentrification, overdevelopment, and affordability.</p><br>
<p>It contains some industrial tracts, several old factory buildings, many small homes and apartment buildings, and a number of office buildings. Most of the neighborhood has been designated as the South End Historic District which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A high-risk flood zone, Stamford&#39;s South End is the location of the Stamford Hurricane Protection Barrier, operated by the USA Army Corps of Engineers.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood spans an area of 0.56 square miles, and has a population of 6,568 per a 2019 estimate.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The South End Historic District covers a 177.1 acre area of the South End neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The Yale & Towne Lock Works was a major manufacturer which, along with other industry in the area, provided employment and shaped the neighborhood. The oldest structure in the district is the Peter DeMill House. Other notable buildings are Number 715 on Atlantic Street, a tenement building, and the Holy Name Rectory. The historic district includes the Pulaski Street Bridge, a wrought-iron lenticular through-truss bridge over the Rippowam River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The South End was one of the first sections of Stamford to be cleared and held in common by the original settlers from 1641 to 1665. By 1699 it and other sections of the town had been apportioned to individual land owners.</p><br>
<p>"The area of Stamford known for many years as Hoytville was owned by George Hoyt, a real estate agent and the largest property owner in the city in the 1870s," wrote Susan Nova in an article in The Advocate of Stamford. The South End was the manufacturing heart of the city in the nineteenth through mid-twentieth centuries.</p><br>
<p>Most of the South End, previously owned by Greenwich-based Antares, which began a multi-use project on 82 acre "...abruptly handed the project it spearheaded to Building and Land Technology L.L.C. BLT signed on to the $3 billion-plus project earlier as a co-developer, and announced a $200 million recapitalization of the project," according to the Fairfield County Business Journal. "They showed great vision in assembling and entitling such an extraordinary piece of ground," said Carl Kuehner III, chief executive of BLT, in a prepared statement announcing the change. "Harbor Point incorporates the best in innovative urban design, community planning and technologically advanced environmental design."</p><br>
<p>Linus Yale Jr. introduced some combination safe locks and key-operated cylinder locks around 1862. Then in 1868, he and Henry Robinson Towne founded the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company in the South End to produce cylinder locks. Yale died later that year. The Yale & Towne lock company manufactured locks there (giving Stamford its early nickname, "Lock City"). And other manufacturing businesses were sited there.</p><br>
<p>In 1938, the neighborhood was severely flooded by a hurricane that swept through southern New England. Since then, barriers have been constructed in Stamford Harbor to prevent similar flooding. About 600 acres of downtown Stamford is now protected by a two-mile-long barrier system built in 1969 by the Army Corps of Engineers, that "helped prevent about $25 million in damage" during the 11 food storm surge of Hurricane Sandy.</p><br>
<p>Major corporate headquarters in the area include Charter Communications, KAYAK.com, Design With Reach, Centerplate, Thomson Reuters, Daymon Worldwide, High Ridge Brands, and Rhone Apparel, as well as major offices of Bridgewater Associates, and McKinsey & Company.</p><br>
<h3>Pitney Bowes</h3><br>
<p>The Pitney Bowes Corporation has a long history in the South End. In 1917, Walter Bowes moved his operations there, and in 1920 combined his firm with another to form Pitney Bowes. The company had manufacturing operations in the neighborhood for decades and its 422,000 ft&sup2; corporate headquarters is located at the southern end of the triangular peninsula at 1 Elmcroft Road, where about 550 people worked. Pitney Bowes sold their headquarters building to BLT in 2015, and moved their headquarters to Summer Street in Stamford. The building has been re branded as Silicon Harbor to attract startups to the area.</p><br>
<h3>April 2006 fire</h3><br>
<p>The biggest fire in Stamford&#39;s history started on April 3, 2006 in Building 15 of the old Yale & Towne factory buildings. The fire spread to another, 17,500 ft&sup2; building housing several antiques dealers. Dark clouds of smoke formed over the scene, visible from miles away. About 200 residents from homes on Pacific and Henry streets were evacuated. The biggest casualty was a firefighter who suffered a minor knee sprain.</p><br>
<p>Stamford Fire Rescue Department Firefighters used 1 million gallons of water in three hours. Then the water mains ran out and water from the nearby harbor had to be pumped in to douse the flames. The fire department spent $25,000 in overtime to put out the fire.</p><br>
<p>The complex at 735 Canal Street had been rented out by Antares Investment Partners of Greenwich to various businesses, including about 100 antiques dealers.</p><br>
<p>The blaze started as a fire on a workbench in a piano shop, although city fire marshals never determined the exact cause. City investigators found Antares had not fixed the sprinkler system, although it knew the system was broken when it bought the building in October 2005 from Heyman Properties of Westport. To fix it would have required cutting off the heat in the building as a new heating system was installed, and Antares was waiting until later in the spring or summer for that, Bruce Macleod, operations chief at Antares, had said, according to The Advocate, Stamfords daily newspaper. Heyman officials knew of the sprinkler system problems "and did nothing to fix them for years, the citys chief fire marshal said in April," The Advocate reported. The sprinkler system had broken in the 1990s, when heat was turned off in vacant parts of the building, causing water in the sprinkler system to freeze, cracking the pipes.</p><br>
<p>The antiques dealers filed a class-action lawsuit against Antares and the piano shop in July 2006.</p><br>
<h3>Harbor Point and subsequent redevelopments</h3><br>
<p>Beginning in 2005, Antares Investment Partners began acquiring an array of properties in the South End of Stamford, and announced plans to redevelop an 80 acre portion of the neighborhood as part of a project called Harbor Point. The project, which one New York Times article called "one of the largest and most ambitious redevelopment efforts in the country", was sold to Norwalk-based Building and Land Technology (BLT), a private development company, in September 2008. The development included both the old Yale & Towne site, and the site of the former coal gasification plant off Washington Boulevard from Antares. The "", as they are now called, opened in May 2010, on property that once was part of the Yale lock factory located on Henry Street. In mid to late 2010 buildings at 100 and 101 Washington Boulevard were completed and are now home to the luxury apartment complex 101 Park Place and the new office headquarters of Building and Land Technology.</p><br>
<p>The 20 acre Yale & Town site will have 300,000 ft&sup2; of retail space in new buildings off Canal Street, along with the 225 apartments at the "Lofts at Yale and Towne" located in a century-old, six-story factory building on Henry Street, according to plans Antares presented to the city Zoning Board in early 2007.</p><br>
<p>Antares had originally said the retail space in its plans was only to service the South End neighborhood, but in summer of 2006 it submitted a proposal to the city Planning Board for 500,000 ft&sup2;. The Downtown Special Services District objected, and officials of that organization told the Planning Board at a hearing on August 10, 2006 that the retail space could hurt Downtown stores.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, Pitney Bowes paid an engineering consultant to study traffic in the South End, particularly in connection with plans for new office buildings and residences. According to the study, the new developments will clog traffic in the neighborhood, even with the planned improvements to Washington Boulevard and Atlantic Street (including reconstruction of the railroad underpasses of Atlantic and Canal streets) in the South End.</p><br>
<p>As of January 2018, about 2,750 of the 4,000 housing units planned for BLTs Harbor Point development were completed, along with some retail and office space. BLTs Harbor Point development has prompted a number of other developers to launch new projects in and around Harbor Point.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of 2019, the South End has a population of 6,568 people. 42.3% of the South End is non-Hispanic white, 13.2% is non-Hispanic black, 5.2% is non-Hispanic Asian, and 3.0% belongs to an other non-Hispanic racial identity; 36.4% of the population is Hispanic.</p><br>
<p>The South Ends median age is 31.8, lower than the Stamford total of 36.9. 15.1% of the South End is 18 years of age or younger, versus 20.5% of Stamfords total population. Just 3.8% of the South End is aged 65 or older, versus 14.4% of Stamford.</p><br>
<p>The per capita income in the South End is $63,946, higher than both the Stamford and Connecticut average. However, the neighborhoods unemployment rate of 6.5% is also slightly higher than the Stamford and Connecticut total. 50.7% of residents aged 25 or older have a bachelors degree or higher, and 45.5% of households spend 30% or more of their income on housing.</p><br>
<h2>Fire Department</h2><br>
<p>The Stamford Fire Rescue Department&#39;s Fire Station # 2 serves the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Interstate 95 forms the northern border of the South End. The Stamford Transportation Center, the city&#39;s main train station, is located in the South End.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Part of Elia Kazans 1947 film Boomerang was shot in the South End, particularly at St. Lukes Chapel, and nearly all of the rest of the movie was shot in Stamford, especially the Downtown section.</p><br>
<p>The musicians Moby and Battery Jackson once lived in some of the abandoned factory space in the South End.</p><br>
<h2>In the South End</h2><br>
<p>Koscusko Park, a city park &mdash; at the southern tip of the peninsula</p><br>
<p>CTE Inc., an anti-poverty agency &mdash; 34 Woodlawn Avenue</p><br>
<p>South End Branch of Ferguson Library &mdash; 34 Woodlawn Avenue</p><br>
<p>Ponus Yacht Club</p><br>
<p>Woodlawn Cemetery, a large, old cemetery &mdash; in the southeast part of the neighborhood</p><br>
<p>The Weeksville Heritage Center is a historic site on Buffalo Avenue between St. Marks Avenue and Bergen Street in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York City. It is dedicated to the preservation of Weeksville, one of America&#39;s first free black communities during the 19th century. Within this community, the residents established schools, churches and benevolent associations and were active in the abolitionist movement. Weeksville is a historic settlement of national significance and one of the few remaining historical sites of pre-Civil War African-American communities.</p><br>
<p>Founding members of the preservation group were James Hurley, Dewey Harley, Dolores McCullough, Joan Maynard, and Patricia Johnson. It was founded as the Society for the Preservation of Weeksville and Bedford Stuyvesant in 1970, and then the Weeksville Heritage Center. The Heritage Center focuses on tours, arts and crafts, literacy and historical preservation programs for public-school students. The site is managed by the Weeksville Society, a historical society that maintains the 12,400 ft&sup2; site comprising the historic Hunterfly Houses and an open grassy area.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits</h2><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s main exhibit is the Hunterfly Road Historic District, a national historic district. It consists of four contributing residential buildings, erected no earlier than the 1860s, within the 19th-century free Black community of Weeksville. They were built along a road dating to American Indian tenure of the area; it led to shellfish beds at the Jamaica Bay end of Fresh Kill/Creek. The city began to close sections of Hunterfly Road after 1835. The houses are one and one half to -story wood-frame dwellings.</p><br>
<p>In 1970 the houses were declared New York City Landmarks, and in 1972 they were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Hunterfly Road Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Context</h3><br>
<p>In 1838, James Weeks, an African American, bought a plot of land from Henry C. Thompson (another free African American) in the Ninth Ward of central Brooklyn. This was 11 years after the final abolition of slavery in New York State, which had followed a gradual program from early in the nineteenth century. This site was called Weeksville after him.</p><br>
<p>A 1906 article in the New York Age, recalling the earlier period, said that James Weeks, a stevedore and a respected member of the community, "owned a handsome dwelling at Schenectady and Atlantic Avenues." Weeksville became home to ministers, teachers and other professionals, including the first female African-American physician in New York state, and the first African-American police officer in New York City. The black community in Weeksville developed its own churches, a school, an orphanage, a cemetery, an old age home, an African-American benevolent society, and one of the first African-American newspapers, the Freedman&#39;s Torchlight. During the violent New York Draft Riots of 1863, during the Civil War, the community served as a refuge for many African Americans who fled from Manhattan; many resettled in Brooklyn.</p><br>
<h3>Rediscovery and opening</h3><br>
<p>Weeksville was rediscovered in 1968. The search for Historic Weeksville began in 1968 in a Pratt Neighborhood College workshop on Brooklyn and New York City neighborhoods led by James Hurley. Dolores McCullough and Patricia Johnson, two students in the workshop, became active and important contributors to the Weeksville Project. Hurley first read about Weeksville in the book, Brooklyns Eastern District, by local historian, Eugene Armbruster. Hurley, a local resident, researcher, and former aerial photographer, and Joseph Haynes, a professional engineer, pilot, and long-term resident of Bedford&ndash;Stuyvesant, later reconnoitered and photographed the historic houses on Hunterfly Road during an airplane flight over the area. Hurley and Haynes had originally met at the Brooklyn Childrens Museum. They had collaborated on creating a walking tour of the area that was sponsored by the Museum of the City of New York. The old lane, located off Bergen Street between Buffalo and Rochester avenues, was a remnant of the colonial Hunterfly Road. Hunterfly Road was at the eastern edge of the 19th-century Weeksville settlement.</p><br>
<p>After the rediscovery, Hurley learned that a block of houses bounded by Troy Avenue, Pacific Street, Schenectady Avenue, and Dean Street were about to be cleared to build new city housing under the Model Cities Program. He was able to initiate an archeological survey under the aegis of the Bedford-Stuyvesant Youth in Action anti-poverty program. Summer interns of the Neighborhood Youth Corps were employed by what was initially called the Weeksville Project to explore the block as demolition of the houses occurred. The archeological site was developed for the present-day Weeksville Gardens Houses, which belong to the New York City Housing Authority.</p><br>
<p>Residents gradually developed the Weeksville Project as a legally incorporated entity, The Society for the Preservation of Weeksville and Bedford-Stuyvesant History, generally known as The Weeksville Society.</p><br>
<p>The Society purchased the Hunterfly Road houses in 1973. The houses were rehabilitated in the 1980s, and again after vandalism in the 1990s. In 2005, following a $3 million restoration, the houses reopened to the public as the Weeksville Heritage Center. Each house showcases a different era of Weeksville history.</p><br>
<h3>Expansion of Heritage Center</h3><br>
<p>The Heritage Center was completed in 2013</p><br>
<p>In 2019, the center launched an emergency crowdfunding campaign due to budget shortfalls. The Center asked that donors give at least $200,000 until the city could allot funds; That June, the city announced that the center would become part of the city&#39;s Cultural Institutions Group, becoming the first new addition to that group in over 20 years, and the first black cultural center in Brooklyn to be so named. The designation allows the center to receive significant capital to fund operating costs from the Department of Cultural Affairs. Weeksville Heritage Center used the funding to preserve additional artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Shockoe Bottom, historically known as Shockoe Valley, is an area in Richmond, Virginia, just east of downtown, along the James River. Located between Shockoe Hill and Church Hill, Shockoe Bottom contains much of the land included in Colonel William Mayos 1737 plan of Richmond, making it one of the citys oldest neighborhoods.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Shockoe was named in the 1730 Tobacco Inspection Act as the site of a tobacco inspection warehouse on land owned by William Byrd II. The areas development in the late 18th century was aided by move of the state capital to Richmond and the construction of Mayos bridge in 1788 across the James River (ultimately succeeded by the modern 14th Street Bridge), as well as the siting of key tobacco industry structures, such as the public warehouse, tobacco scales, and the Federal Customs House in or near the district. Throughout the 19th Century, Shockoe Bottom was the center of Richmond&#39;s commerce with ships pulling into port from the James River. Goods coming off these ships were warehoused and traded in Shockoe Valley.</p><br>
<p>Between the late 17th century and the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the area played a major role in the history of slavery in the United States, serving as the second-largest domestic slave trade site in the country, second to New Orleans. Profits from the trade in human beings fueled the creation of wealth for Southern whites and drove the economy in Richmond, leading 15th Street to be known as Wall Street in the antebellum period, with the surrounding blocks home to more than 69 slave dealers and auction houses. In 2006, archaeological excavations were begun on the former site of Lumpkin&#39;s Jail. Nearby, located at 15th and E Broad St., is the Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground, long used as a commercial parking lot, most recently by Virginia Commonwealth University, a state institution. It was reclaimed in 2011 after a decade-long community organizing campaign, and today it is a memorial park, though part of the burial ground lies beneath Interstate Highway 95.</p><br>
<p>On the eve of the fall of Richmond to the Union Army in April 1865, evacuating Confederate forces were ordered to set fire to the citys tobacco warehouses. The fires spread, and completely destroyed Shockoe Slip and several other districts. The district was quickly rebuilt in the late 1860s, flourishing further in the 1870s, and forming much of its present historic building stock. It warehoused many of the citys goods, mostly tobacco. The district began declining in the 1920s, as other areas of the city rose in prominence with the advent of the automobile. Numerous structures would be demolished and cleared, including (in the 1950s), the Tobacco Exchange, which had been at the heart of the district. Up until they moved from Tobacco Row in the 1980s, the area was home to many of the country&#39;s largest tobacco companies.</p><br>
<h2>Historic landmarks</h2><br>
<p>Shockoe Bottom is home to several historic sites and buildings:</p><br>
<p>Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground</p><br>
<p>Edgar Allan Poe Museum</p><br>
<p>Lumpkins Jail, Devils Half Acre</p><br>
<p>Mason&#39;s Hall (built 1785–1787)</p><br>
<p>Richmond Slave Trail</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>After centuries of periodic flooding by the James River, development was greatly stimulated by the completion of Richmond&#39;s James River Flood Wall and the Canal Walk in 1995. The next flooding disaster came not from the river, but from Hurricane Gaston, which brought extensive local tributary flooding along the basin of Shockoe Creek and did extensive damage to the area in 2004, with businesses being shut down and many buildings condemned.</p><br>
<p>A major boom in residential growth was created in the mid-1990s when old warehouses in Tobacco Row were converted into apartments. Since then, more vacant buildings have been replaced with residential dwellings and new ones have been built.</p><br>
<p>The National Trust for Historic Preservation named Shockoe Bottom one of America&#39;s 11 Most Endangered Historic Places in 2014 and a National Treasure shortly thereafter because of "Revitalize RVA", the controversial plan to construct a minor league baseball stadium, a national museum of slavery, a Hyatt hotel, a Kroger grocery store, and residential and commercial office space at the site.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 The National Trust for Historic Preservation, Dr. Max Page of the University of Massachusetts Center for Design Engagement, the, and the now defunct began collaboration on an updated concept for the slave memorial.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, Shockoe Bottom was one of 16 projects awarded mines from the African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund.</p><br>
<p>As of 2020, there are ongoing efforts to construct a museum of slavery in the Shockoe Bottom that commemorates the Lumpkins Slave Jail / Devils Half-Acre site.</p><br>
<p>Shockoe Slip is a district in the downtown area of Richmond, Virginia. The name "slip" referred to a narrow passageway leading from Main Street to where goods were loaded and unloaded from the former James River and Kanawha Canal. The rough boundaries of Shockoe Slip include 14th Street, Main Street, Canal Street and 12th Street.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally, many of the buildings in Shockoe Slip were constructed during the rebuilding following the Evacuation Fire of 1865, especially in a commercial variant of the Italianate style. It is centered on a 1909 fountain, dedicated to "one who loved animals." The buildings in the district, which historically housed a variety of offices, wholesale and retail establishments, are now primarily restaurants, shops, offices, and apartments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Shockoe Slip began developing in the late 18th century following the move of the state capital to Richmond, aided by the construction of Mayo&#39;s bridge across the James River (ultimately succeeded by the modern 14th Street Bridge), as well as the siting of key tobacco industry structures, such as the public warehouse, tobacco scales, and the Federal Customs House in or near the district.</p><br>
<p>On the eve of the fall of Richmond to the Union Army in April 1865, evacuating Confederate forces were ordered to set fire to the city&#39;s tobacco warehouses. The fires spread, and completely destroyed Shockoe Slip and several other districts. The district was quickly rebuilt in the late 1860s, flourishing further in the 1870s, and forming much of its present historic building stock.</p><br>
<p>The district began declining in the 1920s, as other areas of the city rose in prominence with the advent of the automobile. Numerous structures would be demolished and cleared, including (in the 1950s), the Tobacco Exchange, which had been at the heart of the district.</p><br>
<h3>Redevelopment: 1970s to present</h3><br>
<p>Beginning in the 1960s and accelerating in the 1970s, Shockoe Slip was redeveloped as a commercial and entertainment district; the nightlife district came just after Richmond passed liquor-by-the-drink laws, and when the so-called fern bar became popular across the United States. The restoration came at the time of an increased interest in historic preservation around the time of the Bicentennial, with the district being added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Early pioneer restaurants included The Tobacco Company, Stuffys Going Bananas, Commercial Cafe and Sam Millers, the last two being revived restaurant names from Richmond&#39;s 19th century.</p><br>
<p>One of the earliest and oldest of Richmond&#39;s artist-run galleries, was Artspace 1306 located at 1306 East Cary Street in Shockoe Slip. Artspace 1306 retained its original name when the gallery moved to North 18th Street in Shockoe Bottom. Only when Artspace 1306 moved to 6 East Broad Street did the gallery drop the original address from its name. The Broad Street location became the home of another 501 C-3 gallery, Art6 Gallery, when Artspace moved to Plant Zero in the Manchester area of the city.</p><br>
<p>Shockoe Slip also included some of the earliest rehabilitated downtown apartments; at the time of the restoration asphalt paving was removed to expose historic Belgian block streets.</p><br>
<p>Shockoe Slip continues to be a popular place to live and work. The Martin Agency has maintained its headquarters in Shockoe Slip since 1997. In 2015 digital marketing agency Workshop Digital relocated to the Turning Basin Building in Shockoe Slip, and in 2016 CarMax relocated 125 designers, developers, and programmers to the adjacent Lady Byrd Hat building. Residential development surrounding the James River continues with the influx of students and professionals and an increased interest in urban living.</p><br>
<p>Shockoe Slip was the site of the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. To commemorate this event the First Freedom Center opened there in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol Theater was located at 542 State Street in Salem, Oregon, United States. Part of the Bligh Building, it was built in the 1920s for vaudeville. During its heyday, it housed a Wurlitzer pipe organ, which is now in private ownership in Washington.</p><br>
<h2>Bligh Building and Capitol Theater</h2><br>
<p>The building, constructed in 1926 for owner Frank D. Bligh, covered a quarter of a block. At the time it was built, it had twelve storefronts and thirty-five rooms designed for offices, as well as what was known at the time as the New Bligh Capitol Theater, with 1,200 seats.</p><br>
<p>Bligh owned several theaters in Salem, including the original Bligh Theater built in 1912 and closed in 1927. For a time Bligh owned the Klinger Grand Theater, which he also renamed Bligh Theater. The Capitol Theater&#39;s brightly lit marquee was constructed of stained glass in the shape of the dome of the second Oregon State Capitol building, which was destroyed in a 1935 fire.</p><br>
<h2>Decline and demolition</h2><br>
<p>The theater converted from vaudeville to movies. By 1952 the glass dome marquee had been replaced. By the 1980s, it was one of only two pre-World War II theaters left in downtown Salem, which had once hosted as many as eight. Like its neighbor, the Elsinore Theatre, the Capitol declined to a second-run movie house. It was closed in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol Theater was demolished in May/June 2000 because of structural decay. The location is now a parking lot, however, the adjoining office and retail space remains. This retail building, known as the Bligh Building and currently as the Pacific Building, is a contributing property of the Salem Downtown State Street-Commercial Street Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Theater organ</h2><br>
<p>The theaters 3/8 (3-manual/8-rank) "Mighty Wurlitzer" theatre organ was installed in 1926. In 1941, the organ was moved to Seattles Civic Ice Arena. In 1964–65, the organ was moved to the Seattle Center Food Circus. It was sold at auction in 1976, and is currently installed in a private home in Washington, combined with parts from Portland&#39;s Majestic/United Artists Theatre organ to make a 3/18 Wurlitzer.</p><br>
<p>Cochran Farm, 2900 Ohio 129, Millville, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The web site of the Ohio Historic Preservation Office of the Ohio Historical Society says "William and Rebecca Cochran came from Adams County, Pennsylvania in 1814. They settled in Hamilton County where they lived until 1825. They then moved to Butler County near Millville. William Cochran owned much property in the area and in 1821 purchased the Millville Mill which had been built by Joel Williams in 1805". The couple "had three sons; one, James W. Cochran, later took over ownership of the mill and settled just west of the town of Millville. He married Mary June Hill and the couple had seven children. The youngest of these lived in the home until his death in 1946. The property is owned by his daughters. The house, dairy and barns, essentially unaltered, are a fine example of a mid 19th century farm group in southern Ohio."</p><br>
<p>Culbertson Mansion State Historic Site is located in New Albany, Indiana by the Ohio River. It was the home of William Culbertson, who was once the richest man in Indiana. Built in 1867 at a cost of $120,000, this Second Empire-style mansion has 25-rooms within 20,000 ft&sup2, and was completed in November 1869. It was designed by James T. Banes, a local architect. Features within the three-story edifice include hand-painted ceilings and walls, frescoed ceilings, carved rosewood-grained staircase, hand painted floors, wall-to-wall carpeting, marble fireplaces, wallpaper of fabric-quality, and crystal chandeliers. The original tin roof was imported from Scotland. The displays within the mansion feature the Culbertson family and the restoration of the building. The rooms on the tour are the formal parlors, dining rooms, bedrooms, kitchen, and laundry room.</p><br>
<p>In its heyday, a railroad ran behind the house (Culbertson had sold land to the railroad), and a streetcar ran from his house towards downtown New Albany.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After Culbertsons death, he willed the home to his third wife, who auctioned off the house and contents in 1899 to John McDonald, also a resident of New Albany, for $7,100. Upon his death, the American Legion obtained it from McDonalds daughter, Mrs. Helen Croxall. The Legion would make extensive changes to the mansion, making it more suitable for a meeting place.</p><br>
<p>After several different owners, the mansion was in danger of being torn down in the 1960s to put a gas station in its place. Instead, a local historic group called Historic New Albany purchased the mansion in 1964 from the American Legion for $24,000.00. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and became a part of the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites in 1976.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the state began restoration on the exterior of the home, following by work on the interior by the Friends of the Culbertson Mansion.</p><br>
<p>In 1985 the tradition of having a haunted house started, and for the first two years the Mansion itself was used, using 10 people to acquire $500 as part of a Spook Run. Starting in 1987, the Carriage House of the Mansion has served as the haunted house. Today, the Haunted House requires 100 volunteers.</p><br>
<p>The Culbertson Mansion performs historic restoration rather than renovation to protect the historical integrity of the home. The eventual goal is to return the mansion to its 1869 appearance, barring necessary newer items such as electricity and bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>It is open for daily tours, Wednesday through Sunday from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Funds for restoration are raised by a non-profit group called The Friends of Culbertson Mansion, Inc., as well as the staff of the mansion itself. The Friends not only operate the Haunted House, but hold an herb sale annually in May.</p><br>
<p>Riverlake is a plantation and an antebellum mansion, located on the west bank of the False River in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, about 8 mi south of New Roads, Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>The house is a raised Creole-style plantation house built and modified in c.1820, c.1840-45, and c.1890. The listing included two pigeonniers, believed to date from c.1820.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The plantation is the birthplace of author Ernest Gaines, who played in its slave quarters area while a child. Two of those slave cabins survive, out of 30 or more, and are separately listed on the National Register as the Cherie Quarters Cabins.</p><br>
<p>It is currently owned by the Calliet family.</p><br>
<p>The Santa Fe Building is one of the oldest buildings in downtown Amarillo, Texas, USA It was completed on January 18, 1930 and had the regional offices of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway company. The Amarillo office of the railroad company supervised more than 5,800 miles  of railroads. Brennan Construction Company of Amarillo and Dallas built the building from 1928 to 1930 with an original construction cost of US$1.5 million.</p><br>
<p>The building was vacant more than a decade in the 1990s, until Potter County bought it for $426,000 to gain new office spaces in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Bouwerie Lane Theatre is a former bank building which became an Off-Broadway theatre, located at 330 Bowery at Bond Street in Manhattan, New York City. It is located in the NoHo Historic District. The cast-iron building, which was constructed from 1873-1874, was designed by Henry Engelbert in the Italianate style for the Atlantic Savings Bank, which became the Bond Street Saving Bank before the building was completed. When the bank failed in 1879, the building was sold to the German Exchange Bank, which served the German immigrant community. Prior to the 1960s, the building was used for the storage of fabrics.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, the building was converted into a theater by Honey Waldman, who produced several plays there.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, the building was designated a New York City landmark, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The AIA Guide to New York City calls it "One of the most sophisticated cast-iron buildings."</p><br>
<p>The General Israel Putnam House in Danvers, Massachusetts, United States, is a historic First Period house recorded in the National Register of Historic Places. The house is also sometimes known as the Thomas Putnam House after Lt. Thomas Putnam , who built the home circa 1648. His grandson, Israel Putnam, the famous general of the American Revolution, was born in the house. Lt. Thomas Putnam was the father of Sgt. Thomas Putnam Jr., , a notorious figure in the Salem witch trials. The Putnam House is now owned by the Emerson Family, the same owners of Putnam Pantry.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house was built on 100 acre of farmland owned by Lt. Thomas Putnam, and occupied by the Putnam family for over three centuries. In 1692, Joseph Putnam, the resident of the house at that time, spoke out against the hysteria of the Salem witch trials. His son, Major General Israel Putnam, commander of the colonial troops at the Battle of Bunker Hill, was born in the house on January 7, 1718. In 1991, the Putnam family descendants gave the property to the Danvers Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The original house has been augmented by repeated additions. Today, it consists of an irregular 2½ story frame structure, with clapboards and with a pitch roof over one part of the house and gambrel roof over another. It is located at 431 Maple Street, behind Putnam Pantry, a candy and ice cream shop opened by the family on USA Route 1.</p><br>
<p>The Captain Elisha Phelps House is a historic house museum at 800 Hopmeadow Street in Simsbury, Connecticut. The colonial-era house was built by David Phelps in 1711. His son Elisha Phelps received the land from his father and expanded the house in 1771. Elisha Phelps along with his brother Noah Phelps and others took part in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga in 1775. Capt. Phelps was appointed as commissary of the Northern Department by the Continental Congress.</p><br>
<p>The house was used as a hotel named the Canal Hotel, after the War of 1812. It is located along what was the New Haven and Northampton Canal line.</p><br>
<h2>Family life</h2><br>
<p>Elisha Phelps was born at Simsbury, Connecticut, on October 17, 1737. His father David (May 7, 1710&ndash;December 9, 1760) married Abigail Pettibone (April 25, 1731&ndash;October 16, 1787) on April 25, 1731. Both families descended from original settlers of Dorchester, Massachusetts (and five years later, Windsor, Massachusetts) who as Puritans arrived in the New World aboard the ship Mary and John in 1630.</p><br>
<p>He died at age 43 in Albany, New York, on July 14, 1776, from diseases he contracted from the soldiers he cared for there. After his death, the homestead passed from his widow and surviving children to his brother Noah Phelps and until 1962 was the property of his descendants, including Jeffrey O. Phelps.</p><br>
<h2>Phelps Tavern Museum</h2><br>
<p>The estate is now known as The Phelps Tavern Museum. The museum uses period rooms and interactive exhibits and galleries to interpret the use of the house as an inn from 1786 to 1849. Three successive generations of the Phelps tavern-keepers are chronicled along with the social history of taverns in New England. From Masonic meetings to ordination balls, the Phelps Tavern hosted townspeople and travelers who arrived by horse, stagecoach and canal.</p><br>
<p>The Phelps Tavern Museum is part of a 2 acre complex that includes a museum store, research archives, and period gardens. It is owned and operated by the Simsbury Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Derby Summer House, also known as the McIntire Tea-house, is a summer house designed in 1793 by architect Samuel McIntire, now located on the grounds of the Glen Magna Farms, Danvers, Massachusetts. Since 1958 it has been owned by the Danvers Historical Society. A National Historic Landmark, it is significant as an extremely rare and well-preserved example of an 18th-century summer house, and also includes some of the earliest American sculpture in the carved wooden figures mounted on its roof.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Samuel McIntire designed this ornate Federal style garden house for Elias Hasket Derbys farm in Salem, Massachusetts. The structure is 20 feet square, 2½ stories high, decorated with pilasters, swags, and Grecian urns, and topped with rustic wood statues of a Reaper and Shepherdess (milkmaid). The ground floor is punctuated by central arched openings on the east and west facades, each flanked with arched windows with wooden keystones. The second floor is ornamented with swags and fluted Ionic pilasters at the corners and between windows. A young ladys diary from 1802 records her contemporary impressions:</p><br>
<p>The summer house was moved to its present location in 1901, about 4 miles from its original site, where it now opens onto a walled rose garden designed by Herbert Browne. Neither of the two statues atop the house are originals. The Shepherdess was missing when the house was transported; after 20 years she was found atop an Andover mill building, damaged by fire. A duplicate was carved in 1924, and the original is now on display in the Peabody Institute. The original Reaper fell in a storm in 1981. It too was reproduced; the original is in the Danvers Historical Society collection.</p><br>
<p>The summer house was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1968.</p><br>
<p>The Parson Capen House is an historic house in Topsfield, Massachusetts, built in 1683. It has drawn attention as an example of early colonial architecture and because of its well-preserved condition by comparison with other contemporaneous houses.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Capen house was built on a 12 acre lot in 1683 as the parsonage for the local Congregational Church. It was first owned by the Reverend Joseph Capen, who had moved to Topsfield from Dorchester. His wife had seen the previous parsonage and was disappointed by its condition. The family lived there for over forty years. At the time that it was built, it was considered to be the best house in the town.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960. The Topsfield Historical Society currently operates it as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Capen house was built with English style architecture, and it bears a strong resemblance to many houses in England.</p><br>
<p>The house features overhangs called jetties at the front and sides, but not the rear, of the building. Although many have assumed that the overhangs were intended as protection from Native Americans, they were primarily decorative and also served to shield people from rain.</p><br>
<p>Hanging wood pendills, ornaments that were carved by the carpenter who built the house, were also used as decoration.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin Canal is an irrigation canal in the Upper Rio Grande Valley near El Paso, Texas. The canal acquires water from the Rio Grande via the American Canal. The canal is 28.4 mi long with a capacity of 325 cuft/s.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin Irrigation Company completed the canal in 1891 at a cost of $150,000. In 1912, the USA Reclamation Service purchased the canal, and it became a key part of the Rio Grande Project.</p><br>
<p>The canal was renovated and enlarged between 1912 and 1916. The work included repairing the diversion dam, enlarging the heading of the canal, and lining a portion of the channel with concrete. When completed, the canal was capable of irrigating 40,000 acre.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon City Municipal Elevator is a 130 ft The upper portion contains an observation deck which accounts for its flying saucer appearance.</p><br>
<p>There have been two elevators at this location. The current elevator was built in 1954–55, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Geography of Oregon City</h2><br>
<p>The city of Oregon City includes dramatic changes in elevation. The city&#39;s central business district is sandwiched between the Willamette River and a basalt cliff, and is only several blocks wide. At the top of the 90 ft cliff lies another neighborhood. Indian trails negotiating the cliffside were used originally to connect the two areas beginning with the founding of the town in 1829. Numerous stairways were built in the mid-1860s, but a better transportation solution was needed.</p><br>
<h2>Initial elevator</h2><br>
<p>The original elevator that was constructed in this area was built as a means of transportation for the residents in the city. The alternative option before the build, would have been walking the stairs from the base to the top of the cliff which consisted of 722 steps. The first bond issued "A public elevator at the bluff". The elevator opened to the public in 1915, delayed by politics. The original elevator was water-powered and took three minutes for the ride. The elevator took three years to build and was constructed out of wood and steel. In the event that the elevator stopped working during the ride, passengers would have to exit through a trap door that had a narrow ladder where the passengers would climb down to safety. Located at the top of the elevator was a catwalk that extended 35 ft stretching across and connecting the elevator to the cliffside. The elevator was so popular that most of the cliffside stairs were removed. The elevator was converted to electric drive in 1924, which reduced the time to 30 seconds. After many years of use, in the 1950s it was decided that the elevator would be replaced with a new one.</p><br>
<h2>Current elevator</h2><br>
<p>After 40 years of service, a replacement was authorized by a $175,000 bond by a special election held May 1952. The specifications called for the design to be "as plain as possible, without ornament". The new elevator, designed by Gordon E. Trapp, engineered by Ervin Aksel Sööt, and manufactured by Otis Elevator, featured push-button operation and automatic doors, and shortened the ride to about 15 seconds. It was dedicated May 5, 1955 and remains in service today. The machine room was upgraded with a digital controller in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The elevator essentially serves as 7th Street, as both entrances (top and bottom) are on 7th Street, a major thoroughfare on both ends. It&#39;s also known as Elevator Street, the only vertical street in North America. The lower entrance is at the intersection of 7th Street (Oregon Route 43) and Railroad Avenue; a short pedestrian tunnel runs under the Union Pacific Railroad tracks, and into the elevator itself. The upper entrance is accessed from High Street, a short distance from the intersection with 7th Street and Singer Hill Road (a road which descends the side of the cliff, connecting 7th Street on the top with 10th Street on the bottom). The upper level includes an observation deck, from which one can see Willamette Falls, the Oregon City Bridge, and the Abernethy Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The elevator formerly had an operator, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic the elevator has since become self-service. It is open 7 AM to 7 PM, Monday and Tuesday; 7 AM to 9:30 PM, Wednesday through Saturday; and 10 AM to 7 PM on Sundays. There is no charge to use the elevator. It was carrying an average of 500 people per day as of 1989, and by 2008 this had grown to nearly 800. Ridership is as high as 1,300 people per day during the city&#39;s summer tourist season.</p><br>
<p>The "Illuminate Oregon City" project turned the elevator into a massive video screen, showcasing video and images from area sites. The video mapping program was slated to run until 2015.</p><br>
<p>City Park is an urban park and neighborhood in Denver, Colorado. The park is 330 acre and is located in east-central Denver. The park contains the Denver Zoo, the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Ferril and Duck Lakes, and a boathouse. City Park is also the name of the neighborhood that contains the park, though the park is the vast majority of the neighborhood. To the immediate north of the park is the City Park Golf Course. City Park is the largest park in Denver.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The park is located in east-central Denver slightly more than a mile east of downtown. The park is a mile long and three-quarters of a mile wide. The park&#39;s boundaries are:</p><br>
<p>West-York Street</p><br>
<p>South-17th Avenue</p><br>
<p>East-Colorado Boulevard</p><br>
<p>North-23rd Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The City Park neighborhood has the same boundaries except for having Colfax Avenue as its southern boundary, which is two blocks south of 17th Avenue. Therefore, the entirety of the neighborhood is only two blocks wide, but about a mile long. The area in the southwest corner of the neighborhood consists of East High School and a green area called the City Park Esplanade, which in some ways extends the park south two blocks to Colfax Avenue. The eastern part of the neighborhood around Colfax Avenue (along with parts of the Congress Park neighborhood across Colfax) is also known as the "Bluebird District", for the Bluebird Theatre located on Colfax and the urban developments around that area. There is also a neighborhood called "City Park West", which is located just west of the park to Downing Street and commonly known as Uptown. It has the same southern and northern borders as City Park, and has York Street as its eastern border.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When Denver was founded in 1858, it was little more than a mining camp. By the 1870s however, Denver had gained a substantial permanent population, and many residents were clamoring for parks. In 1878, the Colorado state legislature passed a bill to allow Denver to acquire 1,280 acre of state land to build parks. City Park became the largest tract turned into a park. The initial park layout was designed by Henry Meryweather in 1882 in the tradition of both English pastoral gardens and Central Park in New York City with a flowing, casual design. The 1893 World&#39;s Fair started the City Beautiful movement, which further developed the design. The park was irrigated with water from the city ditch.</p><br>
<p>City Park is also one of the oldest public spaces in Denver. The park grew out of the social and cultural atmosphere of the late 19th century as Denver residents, business-owners, garden clubs and politicians rallied for the improvement of the dry and dusty Queen City of the Plains. The idea of an “east city park” linked to a “west city park” by a chain of tree-lined parkways first emerged in 1878. In 1882 Henry Meryweather prepared the park&#39;s earliest layout and landscape design. His concept followed the precepts of Frederick Law Olmsted, but it was park commissioner Richard Sopris, who managed the park from 1881 to 1891, who is considered the father of the park. Construction of the park began in 1886 with “a sinuous tangle of winding carriageways, walks and promenades” put into place. The arrangement of roads and walks gave the park its pastoral feel, many of which are still in place today.</p><br>
<p>After the turn-of-the-century the park benefitted from the city&#39;s investment in the City Beautiful concept. The park was linked, as originally envisioned, to a wider system of parks using parkways and grand boulevards. During this period monumental sculpture was also introduced, consistent with City Beautiful philosophy, including the McLellan Gateway, the Sopris Gateway, the Monti Gateway, the Sullivan Gateway, and the Thatcher Memorial Fountain, which mark park entrances.</p><br>
<p>During the first half of the twentieth century a series of designers influenced and enhanced the park, including Reinhard Schuetze, S.R. DeBoer, George Kessler, Charles Robinson and the Olmsted brothers (the sons of Frederick Law Olmsted). S.R. DeBoer is recognized as the most influential, as his tenure as city landscape architect spanned almost fifty years, influencing that Park through 1960. Changes after 1960 included significant expansions by the Denver Zoo and the Denver Museum of Nature & Science (then the Natural History Museum). Both institutions have long histories in the park and contribute significantly to its character and use.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s a concerted effort to document the history and design of the park led to a compilation of all city records on the park, and ultimately the National Register listing. The period of significance for the National Register listing is 1880 to 1936, but the multi-property form does not define a specific period of significance for City Park alone, and ends in 1936 because it was fifty years before the listing date, 1986.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s the park Pavilion was designated in a small local historic district, and the Graham-Bible House, once home to the park&#39;s caretaker, along with a historic firehouse located in the park, were also designated local landmarks.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 traffic and parking issues in the park led to a concerted planning effort to address land use, circulation and preservation. The City & County of Denver Parks & Recreation Department hosted numerous community meetings, and along with the efforts of a stakeholder group, created the 2001 City Park Master Plan, titled “Revitalizing the Legacy of City Park.” The Master Plan included a Historic Site Assessment, in which the parks contributing and non-contributing features were carefully researched and evaluated. Since 2001, the Department of Parks & Recreation has implemented many of the recommendations of this plan, including restoring sculptures and fountains, improving conditions at Ferril Lake and Duck Lake, and working with the parks institutions to create parking.</p><br>
<p>By the start of the 20th century, Ferril Lake, the Denver Zoo, and the landmark boat pavilion, with a Spanish-style design by architects John Humphreys and William Fisher were all developed in the park. Reinhard Schuetze, a German immigrant who was the head landscaper for Denver, formalized the design of the park by planting of formal gardens, laying down graceful carriage ways, and creating the East High School Esplanade into the park. In 1903, construction was completed for the first wing of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, which was built on the eastern edge of the park on the highest elevation in the park (now famous for its views of downtown and the mountains behind them). It opened to the public on July 1, 1908.</p><br>
<p>On April 23, 1916, The Shakespeare Elm was planted near the intersection of 17th Avenue and Colorado Boulevard. A plaque at its base reads "Shakespeare Elm: The scion from which this tree was grown was taken from the tree at Shakespeare&#39;s grave at Stratford-on-Avon".</p><br>
<p>City Park sat a mile away from the rest of Denver when it was first opened. Competing trolley companies took park-goers along the undeveloped roads into the park. The neighborhood developed around the park, starting with farmers and squatters who used the city ditch to irrigate their crops. It wasnt until the start of the 20th century with better trolley connections that housing development occurred in force. The neighborhood includes East High School, a landmark built in 1925, which is Denvers first high school (moved from downtown). The neighborhood also contains many historic brick residential buildings, including many Denver square style homes and several historic brick commercial structures, especially along Colfax Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Colfax in the City Park neighborhood in particular, has become a popular area with many trendy restaurants, stores, and other businesses. The neighborhood has also seen new residential and commercial developments, including the twin towers of the Pinnacle at the former site of Mercy Hospital.</p><br>
<p>City Park itself is still the premier park in the city. Thousands of visitors continue to see not only the park itself but the cultural institutions contained within. The park holds a free summer concert series, and has boat rentals, both standard paddle-boats and some shaped like various water creatures like pelicans and ducks. The boathouse can also be rented for events.</p><br>
<p>Ferril Lake includes the Prismatic Fountain which dates back to 1908. Originally designed by engineer Frederic W. Darlington and was a revolutionary feature for the time. The recently renovated fountain now boasts LED lights which cycle through different formations, with each cycle spanning an hour.</p><br>
<p>The Old West Salem City Hall served West Salem, Oregon, United States, as its city hall from 1935 until the city merged with Salem in 1949. It was built using WPA funds. After serving as a city hall, it was used for other Salem government functions.</p><br>
<p>The West Salem Branch of the Salem Public Library was established there in 1957 and occupied the first floor until it moved out in 1987 due to the building&#39;s deterioration.</p><br>
<p>The building was restored for use as private offices and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Madonna is a Catholic church located on Hoefley&#39;s Lane in the borough of Fort Lee in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. It was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey  in 1939. The Gothic Revival style church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 8, 1976, for its significance in architecture and religion.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land upon which Madonna Church now stands was part of one of the first grants bordering the New Jersey Palisades. Given to Samuel Moore by British Army Major John Berry in 1726, this land remained in the Moore family&#39;s possession until 1829. As county records indicate, Jacob Riley purchased it and started construction on the chapel, which was subsequently completed by Henry James Anderson in 1854. A few years later, a rectory was erected at the rear of the church.</p><br>
<p>Reverend John Joseph Hughes, the first Archbishop of New York, appointed Father A. Cauvin pastor of the Fort Lee Mission in 1851, a position which Father Cauvin held until 1859 when he delegated his work to an assistant, Reverend Annelli. This decade saw the Catholics from Hackensack and Lodi gather weekly at Fort Lee for Holy Mass and spiritual instruction.</p><br>
<p>The most important individual in the young churchs history was a layman, Henry James Anderson, whose remains lie beneath the churchs floor with his wife and son. While seeing to the church&#39;s completion, Anderson, a convert to Catholicism, served as a surgeon and as professor of astronomy and mathematics at Columbia College in New York City. His energy and persistence won Madonna her first resident priest, Father Cauvin. The author of various scientific tracts, Anderson died suddenly while gathering information for one of these in Hindustan during exploration of the Himalayas, October 19, 1875.</p><br>
